Corporal Punishment in the Private and Public Sphere in...

1 Introduction Corporal punishment is the unlawful intentional act of causing harm by physically inflicting punishment on the body of an offender or severely criticising the offender. There is a distinction in common-law between corporal punishment in the public sphere and in the private sphere. Corporal punishment on children in the private sphere is administered by parents. It is still legally accepted in South Africa, provided that the requirements are met. Parents know their children best and have the authority to discipline their children in such a way as to benefit the child in the future. They are equipping the child with the necessary manners, morals and good character which will be essential for a bright future. The public sphere’s s position is much different in the sense that the state as well as schools, do not have the authority to physically discipline school children anymore. The capacity to hold the power of authority to exercise corporal punishment often leads to abuse of power, child abuse and feelings of superiority. 2 General implications of corporal punishment In most cases, punishment is given to clarify authority and status over the offender. Irrespective of the harm the child or the offender caused, physically punishing the offender violates many of that person’s fundamental human rights. Punishment is given in the form of slapping, whipping, verbally reprimanding or violently acting towards the child or the offender. These punishments violateShow MoreRelatedCorporal Punishment with Respect to the Private and Public Sphere1187 Words   |  5 Pages1 Introduction Corporal punishment is the unlawful intentional act of causing harm by physically inflicting punishment on the body of an offender or severely criticising the offender. There is a distinction in common-law between corporal punishment in the public sphere and in the private sphere. Corporal punishment on children in the private sphere is administered by parents. It is legally accepted in South Africa, provided that the requirements are met. The public sphere’s position is much differentRead MoreThe Common Law Defence Of Reasonable Disciplinary Chastisement Essay2223 Words   |  9 Pageslaw assignment 1 Topic 7: Reasonable disciplinary chastisement Introduction: This assignment aims to provide a refined understanding regarding the common law defence of reasonable disciplinary chastisement (â€Å"RDC†) in South African law, in the context of a statement issued by the South African Minister of Social Development, Ms Bathabile Dlamini (â€Å"Dlamini†). Firstly, an analytical response will be given as to whether the author of this text agrees with Dlamini’s statement. Secondly, using her statementRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and CultureRead MoreLegalization of Same Sex Marriage9779 Words   |  40 Pagesand their relations. Self-Flagellation. Beating or flogging; a whipping; a scourging. Beating as a source of erotic or religious stimulation whacking, beating, drubbing, licking, thrashing, trouncing, lacing - the act of inflicting corporal punishment with repeated blows. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW of RELATED LITERATURE and STUDIES FOREIGN LITERATURE Bahai faith is the youngest of the worlds independent religions stated their belief on homosexuality. Sexual activity betweenRead MoreLgbt19540 Words   |  79 PagesUnited States.[13][14][15][16][17][18] The first widely used term, homosexual, originally carried negative connotations and tended to be replaced by homophile in the 1950s and 1960s,[19] and subsequently gay in the 1970s.[13] As lesbians forged more public identities, the phrase gay and lesbian became more common.[2] The Daughters of Bilitis folded in 1970 over which direction to focus on: feminism or gay rights issues.[20]As equality was a priority for lesbian feminists, disparity of roles betweenRead MoreEssay Paper84499 Words   |  338 Pagesof rank: Private First Class Pay grade: E-3 Title of address: Private Abbreviation: PFC Grade of rank: Master Sergeant Pay grade: E-8 Title of address: Sergeant Abbreviation: MSG Grade of rank: Private Pay grade: E-2 Title of address: Private Abbreviation: PV2 Grade of rank: Sergeant First Class Pay grade: E-7 Title of address: Sergeant Abbreviation: SFC Grade of rank: Private Pay grade: E-l Title of address: Private Abbreviation: PV1 Grade of rank: Corporal Pay grade:Read More1000 Word Essay85965 Words   |  344 PagesWhat does SOCAD stand for? Service members Opportunity College Army Degrees (AR 621-5 Feb 2004 / 2-7 / PDF 14) AER closely coordinates with what other organization? American Red Cross (AR 930-4 Aug 1994 / 2-13 / PDF 11) What is AER? AER is a private, nonprofit organization to collect and hold funds to relieve distress of members of the Army and their dependents. AER provides emergency financial assistance to soldiers (active and retired) and their families in time of distress. (AR 930-4 Aug 1994

Octavius The Savior Of Rome - 1339 Words

Octavius, later known as Augustus, became the most powerful Roman emperor in war and peace and was often known as the savior of Rome. Octavius wanted the Roman empire to be the greatest of all time. This made him do whatever it took to make sure he accomplished that. Octavius did not act like a normal emperor, he was quite humble in the way he ruled. He knew what he had to do to win political battles and physical battles. He was quite smart in the way he became the greatest emperor Rome has ever seen. Octavius became the most powerful Roman emperor in war and peace because of his drive to make Rome the greatest empire anyone had ever seen. First of all, Octavius kept people happy by being a great but humble leader. To mask his tyranny,†¦show more content†¦Cicero, a Republican writer who supported the Republic, protested the Triumvirate. Octavius and Antony joined forces and expelled Cicero, who consequently committed suicide. Antony and Octavius would soon team up to try an d gain more land for themselves in alliance. In Philippi 42 B.C.E. a battle commenced. Marc Antony and Octavius, who had 223,000 soldiers, battled Brutus, Cassius, and their army of 187,000 soldiers. Antony and Octavius crushed Brutus quite easily. Brutus then committed suicide. This opened more rule for Octavius and Antony in Rome, but they still needed to get rid of Sextus Pompey. Sextus Pompey was stationed in Sicily at the time, and Octavius and Antony declared battle of Sextus and his army. After a huge win at Naulochus in 36 B.C.E., which involved almost 600 ships in battle, Sextus fled to Turkey. Sextus was executed in 35 B.C.E with no trial needed. This caused the disposing of Lepidus and he was exiled and 36 B.C.E. Octavius knew that this triumvirate would eventually split, but he used the alliance to his advantage. He knew that battling with Marc Antony would set up a battle for full control between them in the long run. This ended up being a huge part of how Octavius came to power in Rome, and was quite clever. The power in Rome was now split into two separate parts. Octavius was in control of the western part of Rome, while Marc Antony was in control of the eastern part ofShow MoreRelatedGaius Octavius: The Savior of Shakespeares Julius Caesar835 Words   |  3 PagesA savior as defined by Merriam-Webster is, â€Å"one that saves from danger or destruction.† This term describes Gaius Octavius in more than one way or instance; Octavius helps to rid Rome of the evil conspirators, and Octavius is the emperor who rebuilds Rome. Readers and viewers of Shakespeares play don’t get a clear and drawn out view of Octavius as he doesn’t appear for much of the play. A reason isn’t given in the play, but history reveals that he is off traveling the world. Octavius takes advantageRead MoreChristianity Rose During The First Century After Christ s Death2791 Words   |  12 Pagesrelieved all of their sins. After his death, the religion of Christianity was created, which e ntailed that a person believed in one god and believed in Jesus Christ. During the first few centuries, apostles, such as Paul, introduced Christianity to Rome and showed developing Christians the way to divine acceptance from one god. However, as Christianity advanced, it faced a lot of difficulties, and even worse, persecution. During the first and second centuries, Roman’s persecutions were isolatedRead MoreComparision of Alexander the Great and Augustus Ceasar2530 Words   |  10 Pagesthought of himself as the son of Greek god Zeus. Augustus was the first emperor of Rome who brought peace and stability to the Roman Empire. He was the grandson of the sister of Julius Caesar. His original name was Caius Octavius, but when he was adopted by the Julian gens (44 B.C.) he became Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian). He was named (given the title) Augustus later when he became the First Emperor or Rome by the senate. Augustus was seen as both a military leader as well as a religiousRead MoreThe Statue Of Augustus Of Pimaporta1898 Words   |  8 Pagesright foot and therefore increase your chances of getting the job. The relevance that this example has to the sculpture is that just like you would want to give a good first impression, the sculptor wanted to make sure we saw Augustus the way all of Rome saw him. In the statue of Augustus of Prima porta, Augustus is standing straight, right foot in front and left foot back slightly lifting his heel. This pose gives us a sense that Augustus was very graceful, angelical almost. It looks like he is walkingRead MoreEssay Ravenna2674 Words   |  11 Pagesdiscovery of Etruscan artifacts while historiographers insist that the Umbrians were the first established people (7). Little is known about Ravennas history until the end of the third century BC when it fell completely under the influence of Rome. Though the city lacked the agricultural strength that normally drew the attention of the Romans, Ravennas strategic location was the basis of its appeal. Its close proximity to the sea allowed for direct access to both necessities and reinforcements

Sas Case Analysis Free Essays

International Case #: 6-2 T h e C a s e o f (Scandinavian Airlines S A S System) INTRODUCTION SCANDINAVIAN AIRLINES SYSTEM (SAS) originated when the airlines of Sweden, Norway and Denmark formed a consortium. 1970’s – competition are fierce and resulted in a loss market share. 1981 – Jan Carlzon, The CEO, undertook drastic decentralization. We will write a custom essay sample on Sas Case Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Top-Down authority replaced by open communication. SAS Strategies is to become known as â€Å"the businessman’s strategy† (with rather high fares), with upgraded service, on-time performance, good food and comfort. For the Future SAS has 2 goals 1. To become the most efficient airline in Europe by 1992 2. To be one of the five major airlines in Europe after 1995 Keystone is SAS’s global strategy is to form strategic alliances. -? An agreement to exchange equities with Swissair was reached in 1989. -? Alliance was also made with All Nippon Airways, LanChile, Canadian Airlines Intl and Finnair. I. TIME CONTEXT II. VIEWPOINT 1981 Jan Carlzon SAS CEO III. CENTRAL PROBLEM Fierce competition, Loss of market share Reduced profitability IV. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVE Must: to cope up with competition Wants: to become the most efficient airline in Europe by 1992 and to be one of the five major airlines in Europe after 1995 V. AREAS OF CONSIDERATION THREATS 1.? Competition with larger airlines 2.? High fuel price 3.? Rising operational costs 4.? Decrease in demand for air service 5.? Price Wars OPPORTUNITIES 1.? Strategic alliances with other airlines 2.? Offer high-quality service V. AREAS OF CONSIDERATION WEAKNESSES 1.? Deterioration of services 2.? Low morale of the workforce STRENGTH 1.? Workforce 2.? Upgraded Services 3.? On-time performance 4.? Good food comfort 5.? Decentralization VI. ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION 1. Continuous implementation of decentralization (+) Faster decision-making Address and solve the problem right away Open communication Training and development for employees (-) Mistakes or wrong decisions are prevalent Policies and rule must be reviewed and change Training cost Great deal of time in communication a.? b.? c.? d.? a.? b.? c.? d.? VI. ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION 2. Strategic alliance with other airlines (+) Access to different airlines hub Leverage Able to compete with larger airlines Opportunity to sell shares (-) a.? Control issue b.? Possible waste of money a.? b.? c.? d.? VI. ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION 3. Upgrade service strategy (+) a.? High-quality service b.? Punctual and on-time performance (-) a.? High fares b.? Research and development cost c.? Training cost VII. RECOMMENDATION Adapt ACA 2 (Strategic Alliance) VIII. ACTION PLAN Person Responsible Jan Carlzon / Marketing Research Jan Carlzon Jan Carlzon Jan Carlzon / Negotiating Team Negotiating Team Jan Carlzon / Allies Finance Department Activities Gather data through business intelligence competitive analysis Set a meeting with the SAS Board Form a negotiating team Set meetings with possible allies Time Frame 30 days 1 day 7 days Prepare proposals/MOA/Service agreement Contract signing / sign-off Prepare budget 3 days 1 day 5 days â€Å"Mistakes can usually be corrected later; the time that is lost in not making a decision can never be retrieved†. – Jan Carlzon How to cite Sas Case Analysis, Papers

University and Research free essay sample

Changes that started during the second half of the 20th century and that have continued into the 21 SST threaten to bring about monumental changes in the nature of universities. Some of the changes are commendable, for example, the large expansion in the proportion of the population attending universities, at least in the richer nations. Other trends are disturbing, especially the increasing tendency Of governments and industry to view universities as engines for short-term economic gain.While universities certainly cannot ignore the context in which they function and the needs of society, responding purely to short-term economic considerations threatens to subvert the very nature of universities and some of the benefits hey provide to society. So what exactly is a university and what is its purpose? Much prefer the Oxford English Dictionary definition of the word university to some of the more utilitarian definitions in other dictionaries. The Oxford definition reads, in part, body of teachers and scholars engaged in the higher branches of learning. Thus, it is the community of faculty and students that is the essence of a university. The higher branches of learning in which teachers and scholars engage have 2 important products: the educated minds that are essential for the well-being of society, and new knowledge and ideas. Some of that new knowledge will enrich society by producing economic growth, directly or indirectly, but the benefits of new knowledge go far beyond economic gain. Universities have always been subjected to outside influences.The oldest European university, the university of Bologna, has existed at least since the sass. Some time before 1222, about 1000 students left Bologna and founded a new university in Pad because of the grievous offence that was brought to bear on their academic liberties and the failure to acknowledge the privileges solemnly granted to teachers and students. 1 The outside interference came from the Roman Catholic Church, and, for several centuries, Pad was home to the only university in Europe where non-Catholics could get a university education. Both Bologna and Pad were student-controlled universities with students electing the professors and fixing their salaries. However, in spite of marked differences, there are similarities between what happened then and what is happening today, with important outside influences ? then the dogma Of religion, now the dogma of business threatening to change the activities of the community of teachers and scholars. The seeds of what is appending now were sown in the years following World War II.Before the war the most important influence on a faculty member was probably the departmental chair, who in those days had power to influence in an important way what went on in the department. Nonetheless, a faculty member would have had access to departmental resources and would not necessarily have required outside research funding (although such funding was sometimes available from private foundations). The mechanism of funding research, and the amount of money available for research, changed gr eatly in the postwar years. In 1 945, Vainer Bushs landmark report toPresident Harry Truman, Science the Endless Frontier, 2 had an important influence on university research. In this report, Bush stated, The publicly and privately supported colleges, universities, and research institutes are the centers of basic research. They are the wellsprings of knowledge and understanding. As long as they are vigorous and healthy and their scientists are free to pursue the truth wherever it may lead, there will be a flow of new scientific knowledge to those who can apply it to practical problems in Government, in industry, or elsewhere. Bush supported the idea that the US overspent should provide strong financial support for university research, but also supported the idea that the individual investigator should be the main determinant of the topics for investigation, with statements such as Scientific progress on a broad front results from the free play of free intellects, working on subjects of their own choice, in the manner dictated by their curiosity for exploration of the unknown. 2 In the latter half of the last century, many countries adopted the model of gr anting councils, which used a system based on peer review to distribute money for investigator-initiated search. This model has been a great success, but it has also contributed to important changes in universities. Much more money has been available to support medical research, basic science research and engineering research than has been available for the social sciences or arts. Thus, decisions about support for different disciplines devolved from the universities to governments, who decided on the budgets of their various grant-giving bodies.Also, individual researchers who were successful in obtaining grants no longer depended as much on departmental facilities. In my opinion, this to only weakened the power of departmental chairs but also decreased collegiality within departments. With increased enrolments, as a university education became accessible to a greater proportion of the population, and an increased need for infrastructure for the larger student population and for complex research equipment, administrators became more concerned about sources of funding and consequently more detached from the faculty.There is always a tendency for senior academic administrators to speak and behave as though they were the university (when of course they are there to serve he community of teachers and scholars). This is of course a normal human trait, no different from the tendency of politicians to forget that they are elected to serve the people. However, this increasing detachment of senior university administrators from the faculty has facilitated the erosion of collegiality within departments and universities. The individual personalities of university faculty probably also facilitated this change. Learned recently, when looking at the literature on personality, that an inverse correlation between intelligence and conscientiousness has been demonstrated in a umber of studies (see, for example, Mountain et AAA). Thus, it might be more than just my paranoia leading me to believe that the small proportion of university faculty who lack conscientiousness and collegiality is larger than in some other walks of life.The erosion of collegiality is not a matter of great significance, except that it probably played a role in making researchers more open to the efforts of governments to transform them into entrepreneurs. The most recent and possibly the most important change in university research resulted from the push by governments to commercialism the results f such research. In the United States, the Bay-Dole Act of 1 980 encouraged universities to license to private industry discoveries made wi th federal funds. The push by governments for centralization of new knowledge grew during the 1 9805 and sass and continues to have an important influence on universities. Recently, Lord Ginsburg, the science and innovation minister in the United Kingdom, boasted that there had been a cultural change in universities there, which has resulted in a substantial increase in university spin-offs. 5 In 2002 the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada entered an agreement with the government to double the amount of research performed by these institutions and to triple their centralization performance by 2010. Although this agreement was reached in the absence of any broad consultation with the faculty who are supposed to commercialism their work, the universities seem to be well on track to achieve this objective, with a 126% increase in revenues from license royalties between 1999 and 2001. Most major universities now have a technology transfer office, and at many universities success in centralization is taken into account when faculty are considered for tenure. Will there come a time when success in centralization carries the same weight as (o r more weight than) teaching and research in the awarding of tenure?The end result of all the changes discussed above is that individual faculty members have become much more like entrepreneurs whose main allegiance is to the maintenance or growth of their own research programs and not infrequently to the centralization of their research. The researcher exploring Vainer Bushs endless frontier could be considered the modern equivalent of the homesteader taming the seemingly endless frontier of the 9th century American West-8 This is not necessarily detrimental if a new generation of university research entrepreneurs provides the new knowledge that will benefit patients and society.However, the change in culture that made university faculty more like entrepreneurs also made them more open to the desire of governments to make them entrepreneurs in the economic sense. Although the nature of universities has been changing, there was no threat to the fundamental nature of universities until the drive for centralization began. A recent report of the Canadian Association of university Teachers states that university administrators have been building increasingly hierarchical management structures that place the future of academic medicine in danger. The reports main concern is that incentives to create commercialese products push economic concerns, rather than scientific and ethical considerations, to the forefront. non the fields of biologic psychiatry and behavioral neuroscience the emphasis on commercial applications has already, to some extent, moved research priorities away from an emphasis on mental well-being to an emphasis on commercial reduces. There are many examples of this shift.For example, more research is being carried out on antidepressant drugs than on psychotherapy, even though in mild to moderate depression (the majority of cases) drugs and psychotherapy are approximately equal in efficacy. There is increasing evidence for the efficacy of exercisers,11 and fish oils,13 in the treatment and prevention of depression. However, these strategies receive much less attention than antidepressant drugs. Even an established antidepressant treatment such as S-denominationally (SAMe)14 receives little attention.Searching the abstracts of the 2004 meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, I found 179 with the key word antidepressant and only 4 with the key word S-denominationally, and none of those 4 was concerned with the antidepressant action of SAMe. SAMe is a major methyl donor and seems to work in a fundamentally different way from any product being investigated by drug companies. Surely we could expect that an antidepressant acting through a different mechanism would be a popular topic of investigation. However, SAMe is a natural product and not of commercial interest.Similarly, insights into what exercise or fish oils do to the brain may provide important insights into the pathologically of depression and its treatment, but these subjects receive little attention. Many basic science researchers investigating the mechanisms of antidepressants produced by drug companies do not receive funding from those companies. However, enough are lured by drug company research funds into working on topics of interest to the companies to significantly influence what are fashionable topics of research.Laboratories with funding from industry can often afford more trainees, who ay then adopt a more industry-centered approach in their own research. While the availability of funds from industry has certainly influenced research, the pressure on university faculty to commercialism the results of their research will undoubtedly cause even greater distortion in the areas of research that are most popular. Granting agencies have increasingly tried to foster research in neglected areas by allocating funds to specific areas Of research and requesting applications in those areas.Although this approach is certainly necessary, it has not done much to alter the effects of drug many money on research output. Also, in some ways it moves research even further away from the ideal in Vainer Bushs report that Scientific progress on a broad front results from the free play of free intellects, working on subjects oftener own choice, in the manner dictated by their curiosity for exploration of the unknown. 2 This model was notably successful in the last half of the 20th century, but it may not survive the pressure to commercialism.While there is still much scope for curiosity-driven research, the curiosity of researchers is likely to be aligned increasingly with the interests of drug impasse. As mentioned above, a cultural change has accompanied the increasing centralization of university research. The pressure to commercialism has been critiqued in some quarters, but many university faculty have nonetheless embraced centralization, or at least remained unconcerned about it. Are we far from a time when a researcher without a patent that is being commercialese will be regarded in the same way as those who do not publish regularly in the top journals?And how long will it be before governments make centralization a mandate of granting councils and a requirement for the majority Of grants? A fascination with the workings of the brain and how it can malfunction in mental illness is the usu al motivator for researchers in neuroscience and psychiatry research. As a result, curiosity-driven research will always tend to serve the best interests of patients. Although research driven by commercial interests will certainly benefit psychiatric patients in some ways, it cannot serve their overall needs, as it is much too narrowly focused. The designation of funds by granting agencies for specific neglected topics will help but is unlikely to produce any large changes in the direction of research. Thus, the biggest losers from the pressure to commercialism will be psychiatric patients. In addition I am concerned whether students who are trained to focus on the short-term commercial implications of their research will be able to maintain the breadth of vision that is a characteristic of the majority of creative researchers. Changes due to pressure from governments to commercialism are not limited to researchers.The increased emphasis on centralization in universities has in some ways distorted the perceptions of senior university administrators about the purpose of the institutions. For example, there mess to be a lack of concern about some of the sources of funds that universities receive. Universities now hold patents on many life-saving drugs. These patents sometimes limit access to the drugs, particularly in low-income countries. 1 5 In Canada, one-quarter of the faculties of medicine receive funding from the tobacco industry. 6 Perhaps a suitable future definition of a university will be a whole body of teachers and scholars engaged in turning ideas into profit. In 13th century Italy the response to interference by the Roman Catholic Church in the work Of scholars was a move to another action to escape the interference. In the 21 SST century that option is not available even to the minority who are concerned about the drive to commercialism. However, the picture is not entirely bleak. Charitable foundations will remain immune to commercial interests. In addition, even though charitable foundations will probably remain relatively small players in the funding of research, there are promising signs. For example, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, created in 2000, has an endowment of about LOS$27 billion and is striving to use its money for the benefit of humankind in areas neglected by governments. This foundation is not involved in psychiatric research, but its focus on preventive approaches may help to direct interest to that important area.Research on prevention in psychiatry is still in its infancy and will certainly remain that way if short-term commercial considerations stay paramount. However, charitable foundations cannot be expected to have any large effect on the change in university culture brought about by the drive to commercialism. Although would like to be able to end this editorial on a more hopeful note, I am concerned about these cultural changes, and I do not see any solution.

Strength and Weaknes free essay sample

By completing this task students will be able to: †¢ Use negotiation and interpersonal skills to collect strengths and weaknesses statements that apply to them. †¢ Demonstrate an awareness of themselves. Preparation and Materials †¢ Copies of Info Sheet â€Å"Strengths And Weaknesses† for each student or one between two. A set of â€Å"Strengths And Weaknesses† cards per group. These should be shuffled to avoid all blank cards coming together in a pack. Method 1. Give out copies of the Info Sheet to students. 2. Explain the aim of the exercise using the learning outcomes on the Info Sheet. 3. Put the students into secure groups of up to 8 members and issue a set of cards to each group. 4. Remind the students before starting that they can â€Å"pass† if asked to reveal something they do not wish to talk about. 5. Run through the explanation of the card game with them. 6. Observe and support the groups as they play the game. We will write a custom essay sample on Strength and Weaknes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . Ask the students what they have learned from the lesson. 8. Summarise the main learning outcomes. Extension Activity †¢ Encourage students to write their strengths and weaknesses in the Personal Education Plan (PEP). †¢ Remind the students of the Key Skills. ask each group to select one strength/weakness card for each Key Skill. Learning Outcomes: By completing this task you will be able to: †¢ Use negotiation and interpersonal skills. †¢ Select strengths and weaknesses which apply to you. †¢ Show that you know your true self.   Strengths And Weaknesses Your teacher will give your group a set of cards. †¢ Your group must appoint a dealer who shuffles, deals one card to each of you and then puts the remaining cards in a pile face down on the table. †¢ Think about the card you have been given and how it reflects your personality, as either a strength or a weakness. If the card means something to you keep it. †¢ Starting to the left of the dealer each member of the group, in turn has the chance to reject their card and put it face down underneath the pile, and replace it with another from the top of the pile. If you get a blank card you can write in strengths or weaknesses of your choice. †¢ Then, in turn each one of you has to pick up another card which you can either keep or out back under the pile and replace it with another from the top until all the cards are picked up. You can only reject one card in each turn. †¢ The exercise is complete when all the cards have been used, although it is likely that some cards may not be acceptable to anyone. †¢ Everyone in the group then shows their selection of cards to the rest of the group and, in turn, each of you explains your choice of strengths and weaknesses cards. Other members of the group may ask you to give examples e. g. †¢ Honest – found $5. 00 and handed it in to the school office †¢ Ambitious – want to compete in the Olympics †¢ Indecisive – took an hour to decide what to wear last Saturday †¢ When you have all had your turn, discuss any changes you would like to make to your selections.

‘A person can only have a meaningful life if they believe in God’ Essay Example

‘A person can only have a meaningful life if they believe in God’ Essay Example ‘A person can only have a meaningful life if they believe in God’ Essay ‘A person can only have a meaningful life if they believe in God’ Essay Nowadays, as our society becomes increasingly secularised and the number of people who believe in Christianity and other religions is dropping, the question of the benefits of believing in Christianity is an important, and specifically, if believing in Christianity and thus God helps you live a rewarding and meaningful life.A large proportion of Christians, such as Fundamentalists and Conservatives, would believe that Christianity is the only way to live a meaningful life. This is because God gives our lives purpose as he has a plan for everyone. He has given us the gift of life and therefore we should be thankful for this and therefore show faith through regularly going to church and praying. As Conservatives and Fundamentalists believe that God is the only way for salvation, belief in God would cause them to evangelise and spread the word of God to other non-believers so that they can be blessed by God as well. Liberal Christians are more open to the idea of the Anonymous Christian (a person who lives a moral life but has not experienced Christianity)), although they would still try to convert others to Christianity. I believe that this a strong reason showing that God helps you live a meaningful life, although this only is effective for someone who already believes in God and so does not apply to non-believers.Christianity provides a strong moral framework for people to live their lives. Fundamentalists will look to the Bible to form their opinions about different issues and they will try to spread the word of God. Conservative Christians will look to the Church for guidance and might perhaps follow Natural Law. More Liberal Christians will believe that the New Testament message of agape and situation ethics are the most important thing and so not only will they be kind to all other people, they would also use this and apply it to certain areas of live, such as relationships and their opinion on abortion. Although Christians would regard this as the English heresy, Christianity does provide a good moral standpoint for how someone should live their lives, and so I believe that even if you don’t believe in God, Christianity can still help you lead good and fulfilling lives.There are also many things that can’t be explained by science and so if you believe in Christianity, you can have a greater understanding of the world around us. For instance, Science still does not fully understand the Creation of the Universe and so if you combine the two, then you can understand God and his creation better as they are complementary questions: science answers the how and religion answers the why. Conservatives might look to the Pope for guidance who believes that science and religion are complementary.For these reasons I think that as long as you live a life with good Christian morals, I do not think you have to believe in God, although as stated by Pascal’s wager, the consequences if you are wrong and God does exist outweigh the disadvantages that come with belief in God.

Should Handguns be Banned in San Francisco Essay

Should Handguns be Banned in San Francisco - Essay Example In a point by point counter argument Guy Smith quotes a wide range of validated research (based on the theories of Florida criminologist Gary Kleck) to point out that ï‚ § the victims of most gun crimes are known felons, ï‚ § that crimes of passion are statistically rare ï‚ § the New England Journal of Medicine research Supervisor Daly relies upon is known to be seriously flawed ï‚ § there is not necessarily a causal relationship between the availability of handguns and suicide rates ï‚ § there is research evidence to suggest that criminals are less likely to target someone they know to be armed ï‚ § the police force are unable to prevent crime effectively and in any event have no legal duty to protect a specific individual One wonders how useful it is to compare and contrast San Francisco with a country like Japan which has developed very differently in terms of defining a criminal and the status of handguns. For example one is aware that there is nothing like the personal honor code of the Japanese in the US. One cannot simply compare suicide rates in the way that Smith has done without examining why the Japanese commit suicide in the first place. All that can be deduced from the research on suicide that Smith quotes is that successful suicides do not require handguns - - they will find other means. The problem with these figures is that they are taken out of context. It is not clear what percentage of crime involves the use of firearms.

Future for fisheries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Future for fisheries - Essay Example Fishes are one of them. According to WWF, ‘two thirds of the worlds fish stocks are either fished at their limit or over fished’ (WWF, 2002). However, there are also other reasons for the depletion of fisheries that the writer has failed to mention or elaborate upon. One of the most glaring one is the contamination of water by industrial waste. Also not much attention is being given to these fisheries and many are being depleted as a result of neglect. The depletion or alteration of fresh water is further exacerbating the problem. Despite this, the short essay was a pleasant read and opens up the reader’s mind to the importance of the course. I agree that fisheries management is a very insightful course. Fishery management is a neglected topic and making such a course allows us as consumers to understand how we are contributing to the problem. I also agree that fish data analysis and other practical applications of the course would have been quite helpful in increasing our knowledge and interest in the subject. Overall, the writer has introduced many concepts in the short essay. His positive attitude towards the course was very pleasing to

Internal Revenue Codes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Internal Revenue Codes - Essay Example . Internal Revenue Bulletin (2004) stipulates guidance for capitalization of expenditures. There are a number of intangibles listed therein expenditures incurred for acquisition of which are required to be capitalized if they are held to be for more than 12 months period. Para 4 of section1.263 (a)-4 and 1.263(a)-5 are added in the bulletin to read as follows. (a) Overview. This section provides rules for applying section 263(a) to amounts paid to acquire or create intangibles. Except to the extent provided in paragraph (d)(8) of this section, the rules provided by this section do not apply to amounts paid to acquire or create tangible assets. Paragraph (b) of this section provides a general principle of capitalization. Paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section identify intangibles for which capitalization is specifically required under the general principle. Paragraph (e) of this section provides rules for determining the extent to which taxpayers must capitalize transaction costs. Paragraph (f) of this section provides a 12-month rule intended to simplify the application of the general principle to certain payments that create benefits of a brief duration. Additional rules and examples relating to these provisions are provided in paragraphs (g) through (n) of this section. The applicability date of the rules in this section is prov ided in paragraph (o) of this section. Paragraph (p) of this section provides rules applicable to changes in methods of accounting made to comply with this section. Terming a credit card agreement as a finacial interest as iten no 2 (i) ( c ) (2) at page 26, the bulletin states that aqusition expendtures for credit card should be capitalised. Analyzing the code 195, it has been found that it applies to capitalization of business start-up expeditures which can be deducted from the income over a certain period depending upon the election of the tax payer. Credit card acquisitions expenses do not come under the defintion of start-up expenditures as per section 195.( IRC ) Please refer to the Appendix A for defiintions. In addition to the above clearly defined calrifications, in FSA 200136010, the conlusion arrived at by the Service was that a bank must capitalize the expenditure involved in acquisition of credit card receivables. It includes also credit card accounts from other institutions. In this connection the bank had in its return "deducted the cost of acquiring and securitizing the credit card receivables" ( David J 2002), which the tax officer disallowed. On appeal by the bank against the deductions, it was pointed out that in the case of INDOCO Inc, 503 US 79 (1992), the IRS had already decided that credit card receivables were assets capable of giving future benefits along with interst.and that IRS further decided that it could not be amortized also under sec 195 which only provided for investigative expenses for starting a buisness and not for purchasing a partcular capital asset in reply to the contention of the bank that the expnses were of investigatory in nature and could therfore b e deducted. Under the circumstances, it is

Exploring Legal Professional And Ethical Issues In Bathing Nursing Essay

Exploring Legal Professional And Ethical Issues In Bathing Nursing Essay Introduction In this assignment I will be exploring the legal, professional and ethical issues involved in bed bathing a patient/client in a hospital setting. I will be reflecting on a personal experience, experience during a seven week placement on a diabetic ward. I have decided to use a reflective cycle which is an adaptation from Gibbs (1988) model.This reflection has provided a systematic approach to my learning and to my nursing practice. Within this essay I intend to discuss approaches to assessing, planning, implementing and evaluating care. Heron (1977) refers to the process of reflecting as a conscious use of the self. Once one becomes consciously aware of their actions, it is easer to recognise the reason for doing them in the first instance. The first stage of this process is to acknowledge our actions by reflecting we reveal to our selves how we act, such actions are spontaneous and without forethought attention. To maintain my clients autonomy I am unable to disclose any client information, accordingly I have given my client the name Mrs Jones this is to protect and respect my clients confidentiality as stated by the NMC Code of Professional Conduct. Gibbs model of reflection (1988)DescriptionDuring any clients admission stage an assessment on the clients skin care regime is made, this takes into account the clients personal preferences, the level of function the client may have to provide self-care and the amount of assistance required to promote optimal hygiene procedures in the form of bed baths, in respect of encouraging independence. The reason why we bed bath clients is to promote personal hygiene and to give them a sense of well-being it also maintain intact skin i.e. prevention of pressure sours. Bed bathing allows the caregivers to monitor changes in the clients skin condition. (Staff Nurse, during placement)It was approximately 07:45 Friday morning of mid June, three weeks into my placement. After handover I was given the task of bed bathing a female client. Mrs Jones, what I learned about Mrs Jones in handover was very brief. She was admitted to hospital as she was suffering shortness of breath, she had been suffering from Parkinsons disease for ten years, she also had a catheter instituted, she had very little control of the lower half of her body, her right shoulder was dislocated and she was MRSA+. Mrs Jones took part in a trial drug many years ago this was to help her control her Parkinsons disease coming off the drug became impossible and as a result Mr Jones is reliant on this drug, this drug was referred to as apple morphine on the ward. The basic bed bathing equipment I required was one bath towel, one hand towel, several disposable swipes, clean bed linen, (2 x sheets) laundry bags, (in this case red bags as the client is MRSA+) a slide sheet, small yellow bag for clinical waste, pad and incontinence sheet, bowl of warm water and a set of pyjamas and or gown all provided by the hospital. The client had acquired her own personal toiletries before admission this consisted of a bar of soap, shower gel, talcum powder, perfume, two flannels, (one for the upper part of the torso and the other for the lower half) moisturiser, a comb, dentures pot, tooth brush and tooth past. In addition to this the client required saline solution, disposable wipes, new dressing cut to size and tape and a yellow clinical waste bag for the disposal of old dressings. Myself and Claire the Auxiliary Nurse who I was paired with to work alongside put on our protective disposable gloves and red aprons on after collection the supplies from the linen room. I greeted Mrs Jones and introduced myself and Claire. Morning Mrs Jones, how are you this morning? She replied Oh, hello, I could be better I continued my name is Sharon (as this was easier for people to pronounce, after consulting Sister) Im a student nurse and Im going to be looking after you today, and Im Claire, and Im also going to be looking after you today too. I continued can we help you to get ready for breakfast? Yes please, Replied Mrs Jones. Before we began we asked if Mrs Jones if she had any objections to either me or Claire giving her a bed bath, as she looked apprehensive, she replied that this would be fine. We also asked if she had any pain and how her night was, she stated that she was in pain quite a bit but that it was normal for her at this time in the morning. She also stated t hat her night was awful, as patients in the next bay kept her awake most of the night. Myself and Claire consulted the staff nurse about Mrs Jones pain, the staff nurse spoke to Mrs Jones about her medication and said that it was not due until 8:30 and so we were asked to continue as long as the Mrs Jones was happy for us to do so. Mrs Jones replied if that was the case there was nothing she could do other than for me and Claire to continue. We explained the procedure to Mrs Jones and gain her consent she allowed us to obtain any necessary toiletries from her draws whilst I did this Claire prepared a bowl of warm water. I removed Mrs Joness personal belongings from the table and placed them in the draws for safe keeping. I wipe over the table with an alcohol wipe to sanitize the surface and place on there the necessary items we would need to give Mrs Jones a bed bath. We draw the curtains closed to maintain Mrs Joness privacy and dignity at all times. Before we began I asked Mrs Jones if she would like to use a bed pan before we continued any further. She informed us that it was probably too late and she felt she had already made a mess. We reassured her that everything was alright and we would help to get her cleaned up as quickly as possible. Mrs Jones apologised a number of time and started to get upset. We again tried to reassure her again and clam her down, we in forced the reason that we were there and that was to help her in any way to see that she is alright. She agreed with us and asked us to continue. We raised the bed to the appropriate height to avoid putting undue strain on our backs, whilst I did this Claire emptied Mr Jones Catheter and placed the bag on the bed. We decided to place a sliding sheet under the client to assist us in rolling the client. I took the liberty of explaining the procedure to Mr Jones as we carried out the task. I asked if it was possible for her to roll on her right side as I was aware the Mrs Jones right shoulder was dislocated, she insisted that this was fine as it had been seen by the doctors and nothing could be done about it and insisted that she had rolled on it sever times before. We assisted Mrs Jones in removing her night gown, we freed her left arm first then her over her head and then gently freeing her right arm avoiding injuring her arm any further, to maintain Mrs Jones dignity we placed a large bath towel over her covering her private areas. I helped Mrs Jones to bend her left leg and asked her to hold on to the cot side with her left h and. I placed my right hand on the left side of Mrs Joness waist and my arm across her left leg to provide added support. I placed my left hand on her left upper back. Claire had prepared the slide sheet, clean linen sheet and an incontinence sheet to go under her. On the instruction ready steady (then the manoeuvre intended, in this case it was) roll, we all assisted in rolling. Claire placed one of her hands on Mrs Joness back to provide added support and prevent her from rolling back. Claire folded the old linen in to its self, to as far as it would go until it reached Mrs Jones. Claire placed the clean slide sheet, linen sheet and incontinence sheet already folded in preparation under the old linen sheet. On Claire say so we rolled Mrs Jones on to her back, Claire were rolling you over a slight bump now, ready steady roll. To roll Mrs Jones on to her other side me and Claire switched roles and this time Mrs Jones was holding on to right side of the cot side but with her left han d. I removed the old linen and placed it inside the red linen bags. I took the liberty of cleaning Mrs Jones with her permission. I used a damp disposable wipe which Clair handed over to me and wiped away from the genital area, I placed the soiled wipe on the soiled incontinence sheet I continued doing this until the are was clean, once this was clean I washed the area with soap and water. I folded the soiled incontinence sheet into its self and disposed of it in the yellow clinical waste bag. I took this opportunity to wash Mr Joness back, neck and the backs of her legs with soap and water, I then wash off the soap and dried. I straightened out the clean slide sheet, linen sheet and the incontinence sheet and then Mrs Jones lied on her back. After a few minute, I placed the hand towel over the clients chest and with her permission began to wash her face at the clients request I used water only on the face. I used separate wipes for each eye to prevent any cross contamination and a separate wipe for the rest of the face and then dried. Whilst I was doing this Claire began to wash Mrs Joness hands with soup and water after gaining permission to do so, Claire continued down the arms and rinsed off, whilst I dried the hands and arms Claire continued to wash the clients chest. Claire removed the dressing from around the tube of the catheter and disposed of it and her gloves in the clinical waste bag, she then went to wash her hands. When Claire retuned she had a fresh pair of gloves on she began to cleanse the skin from the tube outwards and then dried the area, she decided not to reapply another dressing as she felt it was not required but did tape down the tube to Mrs Joness stomach to prevent it from dislodging. Claire car ried on washing and rinsing Mrs Jones (Underarms, stomach, waste, genital area, (working outward to prevent infection) legs and feet) and I dried following Claire as she washed. The water that we used was kept clean at all times, as the used deposable wipes were not re-entered into the bowl. Whilst carrying out the bed bath myself and Claire assessed the Mrs Joness skin condition for any sours or broken skin. We applied talc to those areas Mrs Jones requested and then helped her to dress. We put the right arm in the nightgown first as this was her bad arm then subsequently her neck and left arm, there was no need to lower the nightgown much as this was a hospital nightgown with an open lower half, we then placed a linen sheet and blanket over her to keep her warm at Mrs Joness request. We raised the head of the bed to a seated position so that Mrs Jones was sitting upright. As I attended to Mrs Joness oral hygiene Claire combed Mr Jones hear to her particular style. I then started t o tidy and clean the area and Claire began to document and update the care plan. Once I had cleaned and sanitised the table I replace Mrs Joness belonging on the table and placed the table close to her so everything she may need was of reach. FeelingsIn reflection to the incident at the time I felt as though everything went fine, but as I have had the opportunity to reflect on my experience in much more depth and detail I in writing this essay I felt as though I took the lead but only because I was given the opportunity to do so. Claire was fairly new to working as an Auxiliary Nurse and was somewhat inexperienced as this was the only ward she had worked on she had more knowledge of the ward setting and the type of conditions people are admitted with on the ward. I was quite confident in assisting in a bed bath of a client as I have worked in providing personal care to all type of client for a good few years now and believe that my experience as a Health Care Assistance helped me immensely. My uncertainty was of the clients abilities and reactions to what we were actually doing it, thats when I decided to talk to the client and guild her through what we were doing. The thoughts in my head at the time were that the client may not have experience the type of bed bath that we were performing and may have not been something she was used to. I felt calm but a little apprehensive due to this but could find the words at the time to ask her if this was the way her carers would normally perform a bed bath. It is important to remain professional at all times and make sure the client didnt feel too uncomfortable. I remember feeling somewhat responsible for the client as I was looking after her. I believe I acted in the best interest of my client and have acted in such a manner set out by the NMC Code of Professional Conduct. I felt that it would have been better for the staff nurse on duty to explain to the client in much more depth, why it was not possible to administer the drugs at the time of the clients request rather than just to say its not the right time and the drug round starts at 8:30. Although my client had told me the truth about her dislocated shoulder had been seen by the doctors and that it was safe to manoeuvre on as long as it was comfortable it was my responsibility to seek professional advice because of my uncertainty at the time. If for any reason had this not have been the truth there may have been serious repercussions. I dont think I would have known what to do if her condition had worsened due to the manoeuvre. The steps forward build on the steps backwards or sideways. They are also the steps necessary for self-reflecting from this statement emphasised by Tschudin (1999) I able to understand that confidence in the self is quite an important quality to be have in order to acknowledge setbacks and mistakes, your should be able to learn from them and even see them as part of the overall picture. EvaluationI have grater knowledge of such issues that can arise if set guideline, policies and procedures are not followed. There are very few bad points that had taken place during this reflective experience. I believe it is important to involve the client in decision making which I failed to illustrate wherever possible this was when we redressed the client after bed bathing without involving the client and allowing the client to choose. We all have a professional responsibility to provide care to all patients/clients to the highest possible standards of care that will not be compromised by infections standard set out by the NMC Code of Professional Conduct. I acknowledged limitations set out by the NMC Code of Professional Conduct, in that my knowledge and experience of the drugs on the ward was very limited and therefore I acquired help from a qualified member of staff. You must behave in a way that upholds the reputation of the professions outlined by the NMC Code of Professional Conduct this was maintain throughout the whole experience as I never spoke over the client nor did I ignore the client I showed the client up most respect. I was able to build a level of trust with theMy experience of working as a Health Care Assistance for and agency has enabled me to perform better in such conditions. By planning and discussing with the care team during handover and then with the patient about what our intentions are, what we are going to do and why, I was able to identify and minimise risks to the client. Seeing the way in which others behave or make mistakes allowed me to reflect on the point of view of others and to learn form them help me build on my knowledge. AnalysisI chose this experience as it is a procedure that I am quite confident with performing. Thiroux (1995) created his own set of principles of ethics, which can be applied to any situation. 1) The value of life, 2) Goodness or rightness, 3) Justice or fairness, 4) truth telling or honesty and 5) individual freedom. Ethical acts are executed in every day life even if we acknowledge it or not, the way we greet colleagues and clients even in the way in which we say good morning. Tschudin (1999) p175. As a training professional we are accountable for our actions and therefore must be able to backup any decision making with evidence I could see from my clients facial expressions that she was uncomfortable and was experiencing some sort of upset, during which in actual fact she was in a fair amount of pain. ConclusionI felt that the approach I took was in the right way and with the right intentions set out by the NMC Code of Professional Conduct. My reflective experience was very basic I felt and did not allow for much discussion, although a lot of the experience was preparation, planning and assessing which prevented the experience to go bad in anyway. I feel that as I am a first year nursing student I am very limited in what I can do and because of this little opportunity is given to me to experience other than what I have preformed as a Health Care Assistant. I felt that myself and the Auxiliary Nurse worked well together and were able to share the responsibility equally. Overall I found reflection on my experience interesting as it allowed me to look at legal, ethical and professional issues surrounding nursing practice. Action PlanIf a situation like this was to arise again I think I would like to try to take out more time to talk to the client about how they are feeling, at time I felt like I was prying too much as I felt like I was doing most of the talking. I also feel that it is important for me to work along side more experienced members of staff or qualified member of staff to be able to learn more whilst on my placements. Although I experienced in providing personal care to client I am not too familiar with ward setting. I do not think I have learnt an awful lot on the practical side of my experience but by reflecting on my experience in this assignment has allowed me to understand professional, legal and ethical issues of providing care and the dilemmas surrounding health care professionals. In the future I would not always go on the clients say so and seek professional advice and not just take the patient word. BibliographyBartter. K, (2001) Ethical Issues in Advanced Nursing Practice. London: Reed Elsevier Plc GroupBurnard. P, Chapman. C, (2004) Professional and Ethical Issues in Nursing. 3rd Edition. London: Elsevier LimitedGlasper. A, Grandis. S, Jackson. P, and Long. G, (2003) Foundation Studies for Nurses: using Enquiry Based Learning. New York: Palgrave MacmillamThe NMC Code of Professional Conduct Standards for Conduct, Performance and Ethics. Standards 07-04. London: Nursing Midwifery CouncilTschudin. V, (1999) Nurses Matter: Reclaiming Our Professional Identity. London:Macmillan

Proposal Paper -- Essays Papers

Proposal Paper Like the previous paper I enjoyed writing this one as well. I have been skiing for 14years, so this is something I'm interested in. In the process of writing this paper I heard conflicting views from pro and con helmet sides. My dad was upset by the fact that I wrote about why you shouldn't wear ski helmets, because he wears one when he skis. Personal preference backed up by convincing evidence I found in multiple places helped me prove my position against ski helmets at high speeds. I have been skiing since I was four years old. When I started skiing in 1989 very few people were using helmets. Who know whether or not any lives could have been saved with the use of helmets on the slopes? Since 1989 ski helmets have come a long way from the dorky, bulky head gear that was the ski helmet. They are no longer â€Å"uncool†. Adam Ruck of the Sunday Telegraph in London put it well, regarding ski helmets, â€Å"Swing one from your wrist in a nonchalant fashion as you talk big air and bottomless powder, and you won’t pay for many drinks† (Ruck). In fact ski helmets are becoming a fashion statement, sporting names most of the high end ski equipment manufacturers. Although important, fashion would better off taking a backseat to safety when it comes to skiing. Before ski helmets were ever functional they were purely meant to be functional. Functional meaning wearing one will protect your noggin from impacts and collisions. Helmets are designed with the skier in mind, obviously. They are expected to be manufactured and tested to withstand what Mother Nature has to throw at you plus more. And after paying on average $83 (gotriad.com), is it really worth it to purchase something that claims to protect you. For all... ...on). 8 Feb. 2004. Lexis Nexis Academic. 26 Mar. 2004 Consumer Reports. â€Å"Ski Helmets; Safety on the Slopes† Consumer Reports Magazine. Dec 2003, Vol. 68 Issue 12, p54, 3p, 3 charts, 3c. Lexis Nexis Academic. 26 Mar. 2004 http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=11354490&db=aph Works Consulted Nicholson, Kieran. â€Å"Economy hits effort pushing helmets. Aid sought for program to cut injuries on slopes.† Denver Post. 27 Feb. 2004 Lexis Nexis Academic. 26 Mar. 2004.

The Animal Kingdom Animals

In the animal kingdom there are so many different types of species. Every animal in the animal kingdom are a part of the animalia kingdom. Some of the different species that can be found in the animalia kingdom are insects, birds, echinoderms, and mammal. Out of all these different species that belong to the animalia kingdom they all have many traits and adaptations that are either very similar or very different that the other. Mammals-There are as many as 5000 mammal species in the animal kingdom.Some very important details to know about mammals is that they have some unique qualities and characteristics that differ from other animals in the animal kingdom such as their hair and fur and the fact that mammals birth full babies rather than eggs and the produce milk to feed their offspring. An example of two mammals is deer and cheetahs. Cheetah-There is a rough estimate that there is about 100,000 cheetahs out there. The cheetah is a mammal that can be found in a savannah of in a mild ly open area.The mother land to the cheetah is Africa, but these days they can be found all across the eastern parts such as Iran. There was a time the there was a cheetah were located in more today. The cheetah is a carnivore, meaning they are meant eaters. They main prey that the cheetah hunts is gazelles, wildebeest calves, impalas and smaller hoofed animals. Talking prey, the cheetah does not just hunt prey, but are prey themselves against animal like the lions and hyenas, as well as failing victim to poachers and hunters. A fey factor and strength of the cheetah is its speed, a cheetah can reach ranges up to 70 mph.Whitetail deer- This mammal lives in habitats that have deep woods and grassy brush areas. They are best found in southern Canada and all over the United States. The white tailed deer is said to one of the smallest members in the deer family in North America. They are located in many different parts that range in area from Central America to Bolivia. Some interesting traits that the Whitetail deer has are their scent glands on all four feet, metatarsal glands on all their hind legs, and the tarsal gland on their hind legs.The male deer known as the buck has big long antlers that are pointy and sharp. These are used in mating season for territory and fighting matches. The Female deer known as does. The white tailed deer is a part of the order Artiodactyls family. The white tailed deer are herbivores and eat mostly leaves, twigs, fruits and nuts, grass, corn, alfalfa, and even lichens and other fungi. Both the Cheetah and the deer are both four legged mammals and they both have fur short fur coat. The white tailed deer is herbivores were as the cheetah is a carnivore.Some traits that the impala and white tailed deer have in common are they both have scent glands and the males have horns, females do not. The different characteristics would be that the male white tail sheds its horns. Insects-Mountain pine beetle-The mountain pine beetle is an inse ct that reside in areas like the forests of western North America. The mountain pine beetle is said to be mainly located in the Colorado pine forest. The beetle lives on and eats through wood, and lumber that is found in the forest.Honey Bees- If there is one insect that is most common to everyone, it is the honey bee. The honey bee belongs to the hymenoptera family and is a huge recourse to humans and the natural world we live in. Bees refine and concentrate nectar to produce honey. Bees are known as social insects and live in hives. Each bee hive can contain anywhere from 20,000 to 80,000 bees. The bees work together in strong structured social order, giving them the name, the social insect. These social groups are referred to as castes. There are three castes which are the queens, drones, and workers.Another very important role that bees play is pollination. As pollen sticks to the bee it rubs off as it makes it way from flower to flower know as pollination. Although the beetle a nd the honey bee are two separate insects they have many characteristics in common. Both the beetle and the honey bee have wing and can fly, and most all honey bees as well as beetles are similar in size, shape and color. Although they are similar in many ways they are also very different. The roles these two insects play in our natural would could not be more different.Birds- Some characteristics that most all birds share is there feathers, ability to fly, they have no teeth, have two limbs and lay eggs. Adelie penguins- A penguin is a very unique kind of bird in the bird family. Penguins live in colonies. The Adelie penguin can be found primarily in Antarctica in the cold ice oceans or along the freezing shores. An Adelie penguin’s diet consists of shrimp-like krill, fish and squid. They get they prey by diving below the surface of the waters. A Adelie penguin can dive as far as 575 feet (175 meters) to hunt for its prey.The Adelie penguin nest on land and are also very goo d swimmers. Andean condors- another very unique bird is the Andean condors. The Andean condor is a very large bird with a Body of, 4 ft (1. 2 m); wingspan, up to 10. 5 ft. It is one of the world’s largest birds that have the ability to fly. They weigh about 33lbs and has the largest wingspan of any other bird in the world. The Andean condor is known to hibernate near oceans, mountains and near deserts. They feed on carcasses of large wild or domestic animals. These birds are considered to be a very endangered species.

Free Essays on A Bum Rap

A Bum Rap It’s interesting how most people tend to categorize others into groups by certain personality traits. At one time or another, everyone is guilty of this kind of stereotyping as a means to describe someone else. In many instances, the person being evaluated is not even known. Who are only being judged on appearance, or by a quick glance from across the room. In these cases, the shy person is typically evaluated unfairly, compared to the outgoing person, who gives others the opportunity to make accurate impressions of them. Curiously, the shy person is generally branded with an unflattering reputation, even though they are quiet and well-mannered individuals. Shy people are very attentive and trustworthy listeners. A person can tell them anything, even their deepest secrets. They will give their undivided attention to a person, revealing nothing of what is spoken. However, a outgoing loudmouth will interrupt at any given chance to repeatedly force their uniformed opinions on anyone who will listen. They cannot be trusted. The urge to gossip is too tantalizing for them to pass up. The shy person is wrongfully bestowed with the title of snob, simply because they value other’s privacy, as well as their own. The shy person always minds their own business as well. Shy people do not have to be surrounded by a crowd to show they are well liked. They enjoy the ability to attain their personal space. At times, they even are said to be antisocial, which is far from the truth. This is a label put on them out of spite, by the ongoing nuisance. The outgoing person thrived on being the center of attention at any cost, or degradation to someone else. They believe they are always in the right, no matter what the situation may be. Even if they’re consciously aware they are wrong, they are still right. Shy, people are always able to admit when they are wrong. I school, the shy person is commonly misconstrued as an ... Free Essays on A Bum Rap Free Essays on A Bum Rap A Bum Rap It’s interesting how most people tend to categorize others into groups by certain personality traits. At one time or another, everyone is guilty of this kind of stereotyping as a means to describe someone else. In many instances, the person being evaluated is not even known. Who are only being judged on appearance, or by a quick glance from across the room. In these cases, the shy person is typically evaluated unfairly, compared to the outgoing person, who gives others the opportunity to make accurate impressions of them. Curiously, the shy person is generally branded with an unflattering reputation, even though they are quiet and well-mannered individuals. Shy people are very attentive and trustworthy listeners. A person can tell them anything, even their deepest secrets. They will give their undivided attention to a person, revealing nothing of what is spoken. However, a outgoing loudmouth will interrupt at any given chance to repeatedly force their uniformed opinions on anyone who will listen. They cannot be trusted. The urge to gossip is too tantalizing for them to pass up. The shy person is wrongfully bestowed with the title of snob, simply because they value other’s privacy, as well as their own. The shy person always minds their own business as well. Shy people do not have to be surrounded by a crowd to show they are well liked. They enjoy the ability to attain their personal space. At times, they even are said to be antisocial, which is far from the truth. This is a label put on them out of spite, by the ongoing nuisance. The outgoing person thrived on being the center of attention at any cost, or degradation to someone else. They believe they are always in the right, no matter what the situation may be. Even if they’re consciously aware they are wrong, they are still right. Shy, people are always able to admit when they are wrong. I school, the shy person is commonly misconstrued as an ...

Impact of the Scientific Revolution on Europe essays

Impact of the Scientific Revolution on Europe essays The terms Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment are used to describe two interrelated and sequential European intellectual movements that took place from the 1500s to the 1800s (Gale). During this time Europe was distraught due to a variety of economic, religious and social problems slowly creating chaos among its citizens. Economically, the scientific revolution brought upon a new age of prosperity with the increase of international trade. Furthermore, the scientific revolution also benefited Europe by encouraging many to question the teachings of the church and look for a more tangible understanding of the universe and its forces. In addition, this period of time also brought a change to the social classes and daily life of European citizens. Therefore in the midst of turmoil, the Scientific Revolution emerged and slowly created a sense of order. 17th century Europe was experiencing economic instability. The profits of precious metals from the new world cause inflation and forced monarchies to increase taxation (Gale). This caused uproar in the lower class citizens whose meager incomes could not facilitate a higher tax rate. However, the development of world trade during the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment changed the economic life of Europe from self sufficient town economies to capitalistic national economies (Gale). This created enormous opportunities for the entrepreneurs of the third class who now had the potential to expand their businesses from local, to in some cases an international level. The new wealth from the world trade also helped establish a new mercantile or middle class in Europe creating more wealth for many of its citizens reducing tension between the social classes. The trade also brought with it information of other cultures and beliefs which stirred the minds of many scientists and philos ophers who began to adopt a new understanding of the universe and its ...

How does the Media Shape Our Development of Moral Judgment Research Paper

How does the Media Shape Our Development of Moral Judgment - Research Paper Example How this is happening is the way in which the youth is spending a lot of their time with the media due to their easy access to explicit content. With added convenience children can find stories that encompass violence, sexual promiscuity, theft, and greed in numerous media outlets such as fictional programming, a number of reality shows, music, and through the Internet. Research primarily looks at the effects on morality due to the media by looking at the underlying moral decision making that affects their behaviors. As far as children are concerned their moral development follows a very conventional developmental path. When these children, typically under the age of eight, are presented with an ethical dilemma their judgment of right and wrong is highly reliant on whether their action results in a reward or punishment. However as children mature their judgment takes into account a larger amount of factors, intentions and motives which revolve around recognition of the many conflicti ng rules inherent in moral dilemmas. Such a change can be attributed to the fact that their moral reasoning becomes much more flexible and ‘other’ oriented. ... A majority of the children’s perception found unjustified aggression to be wrong however children who watched programs that encompassed fantasy violence, such as Power Rangers, were more inclined to judge the ‘justified’ aggression being morally correct. Research reinforces this notion seeing as how violence in famous superhero cartoons is mostly seen as justified. Hence in the Krcmar study, it was observed how children who watched fantasy violence and those who watched realistic entertainment violence, such as Cops, were seen to display a lesser advanced moral reasoning strategies, with their primary focus being on rules and how prominent the presence or absence of punishment was as far as moral dilemmas was concerned. In another study which focuses on a similar pattern it was found that children who watched fantasy violence frequently were more likely than those who were light viewers to perceive justified violence as being morally correct. The heavy exposure to fantasy violence also led to these children having a lesser advanced role-taking abilities, which consequently affected their moral reasoning skills, making them less sophisticated (Wilson, 2008). A study also focused on looking at the influence the family had on a child’s television viewing and moral reasoning. It was found that if parents stressed and emphasized on communication within a family the children were less likely to watch fantasy violence that was shown on television and therefore develop higher moral reasoning skills and vice versa (Livingstone, 1996). A longitudinal study conducted by Judy Dunnn and Claire Hughes looked at how the media had an impact on the moral development of â€Å"hard-to-manage† preschoolers when compared with

Marketing Concept and recommendation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Concept and recommendation - Case Study Example Abercrombie & Fitch engage in gender segregation. They cater for all cloth-needs of the male gender and the simple ones to the female population of their market. Females with large bodies do not find the clothes that fit them and, therefore, feel uncomfortable visiting the stores. It has sent a feeling of rejection and buyers would prefer going to other shops. Among the issues Abercrombie & Fitch face include income segregation, lawsuits and attaining sustainable market. These barriers can hurt children and make them feel like they need to change themselves to gain acceptance in the places (Grinberg, 2012). Abercrombie & Fitch is engaging on income segregation. It may be a good thing to set the prices highly for a certain market but not go public about the same. By the CEO going public, it meant that Abercrombie & Fitch do not want to interact with the poor and their kids. It has a bad effect on the sales in that even the rich people who have close ties with some poor members of the society would not buy the product. It brought about a taint in their public image. Thus the public finds the products offensive and disrespectful. Therefore, it is a weakness to company’s progress. Abercrombie & Fitch should thrive to grow a sustainable market where economics shock will not throw them out of the market. Also, success it is created by having relations with the public and letting them understand that you care and wish them well. Not understanding the consumer base, as it is happening, is a weakness in the business progress. Abercrombie & Fitch marketing strategy has dealt a blow to the consumer market. People do not feel comfortable purchasing in these stores and would not come with or recommend friends. They are beginning to purchase at other stores where they feel comfortable. Additionally, the lawsuits on the company depict a picture of an employer that does not care about employee welfare. The improper hiring and firing taints its public

Social Responsibility in Coffee Industry and High Street Retailing Essay

Social Responsibility in Coffee Industry and High Street Retailing - Essay Example In case of the international supply chain, a major problem emerges from the difference in religion. Another persistent problem is the infringement of intellectual property rights, especially when production is shifted from one location to another. It is often a matter of debate between the companies and middlemen regarding their fair share in the value creation process. Adhering to corporate social responsibilities poses to be a challenge in both these sectors and therein lay the main ethical problems (Schlegelmilch and Ãâ€"berseder, 2007). Even so, in the coffee manufacturing industry, problems pertaining to agriculture and distribution of end products are considered to be the main issues of supply chain management; whereas, in high-end retailing, the problems are mainly related to labor injustice and lack of adequate facilities. In comparison, ethical problems in coffee industry are lower in number since only the agricultural and distribution aspects are labor intensive. The more labor-intensive an industry is, the more are the issues relating to ethics, which is the case of retailing. However, most of these issues can be dealt with if interests of each group are well-managed. Case study and research play a significant role in this regard (Barrientos, 2012). The needs of interest groups and the way to deliver the same must be carefully thought upon and executed. Interest groups here refer to different parties involved in the business such as suppliers, logistics providers, and consumers. Consumers are often not satisfied with the increased use of biotechnology in coffee production, whereby fertilizers and high growth organic supplements are used to improve production. Studies reveal that they pose threats to the health. Under such a scenario, it is justified for consumers to be agitated. Therefore, it becomes a matter of consideration for producers to reduce the usage of chemicals in production as much as possible. Many companies have also chosen the path of outsourcing their production work to more than one nation. This lowers the labor pressure as well as generates employment opportunities in other nations. For instance, if companies decide to outsource garment production to not only Bangladesh but also to countries like Thailand and H ong Kong, it will reduce the high work pressure in Bangladesh (Isen, 2012).

Hk Third Runway Expansion- in the Economists Point of View Essay Example for Free

Hk Third Runway Expansion- in the Economists Point of View Essay As supporters of the environment, we strongly believe that a third runway expansion in the Hong Kong International Airport will cause a significant amount of damage to the environment in many ways. The building process of the third runway extension will involve a lot of land reclamation that causes a lot of noise and water pollution that will harm humans and animals’ ecosystems, especially the habitat of the Chinese Pink Dolphins. We understand that a third runway may provide Hong Kong with economic benefits, but the losses in our environment would total to a greater amount, which could possibly result to a greater concern in the long run. First of all, we environmentalist would like to state that the airport covers 12.48km square, and the third runway will increase around 50% of the existing airport, reclaiming another 6.5 sq.km of the ocean. There are already two parallel (3,800mÃâ€"60m)runways existing in the Hong Kong International Airport, and we believe a third runway is not necessary. According to world ranks, Hong Kong International Airport is the fourth busiest Air Hub worldwide, 750 airplanes landing and taking off each day, more than 48.6 million passengers each year and transports over 3.6 million tons every year already, expecting 420,000 flight movements, 74 million trips, and 6 million tonnes of cargo by the time of 2030, which means almost double the amount of its work now. We believe that trying to transport even more cargo and people to earn more money -with the third runway, we would be increase the capacity and expectation by another third, transporting 8.9million tonnes of cargo, accommodating 97 million trips, and 602,000 flight movements per year-is a pure act of greed, and it would also strain us both environmentally and economically, wasting large amounts of money on an unnecessary third runway. As mentioned above, the addition of a third runway would cause a lot of strains with the environment- the 6.5 sq.km third runway will indeed cause a lot water pollution, therefore it will endanger sea creatures and destroy the habitat of the Chinese Pink Dolphins. Not only would the landfill itself destroy the animal’s habitat- during the construction, lots of chemical waste will be generated such as cleaning fluids and fuel. This will also contribute to water pollution, which would be harmful in marine ecology, and would destroy habitats for sea grass beds. Chemicals can easily kill sea creatures such as shrimps, fish, crabs, and Chinese Pink Dolphins. Once these chemical wastes are released out into the ocean, it can lead to extinction of sea creatures that live near the airport area. The construction of the original two runways for the airport in Lantau Island has already reclaimed a lot of land that shrunk the habitat of the Chinese Pink Dolphins. If the third runway will be built, we would have to reclaim 6.5 sq.km(650 hectares)from the ocean, which would shrink the habitat of the Chinese Pink Dolphins once more, and it will greatly endanger the dolphins. Many animals in the world are already endangered because of human activities such as reclamation of the sea, chopping of trees, and many more. We cannot risk losing another endangered species just because of building a third runway. Also, the airport extension of the third runway will cause more noise pollution. According to scientific research, unwanted noise has bad effects on people’s health and behavior. The citizens that live in areas near the airport like in Tung Chung has a possibility of: annoyance, aggression, high stress levels, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and more. Noise pollution will also affect animals that have habitats near the airport. Research has proven that the rate of reproduction activity has decreased due to noise pollution. Birds cannot communicate, because the noise we made was masking their voice, which is the main reason why reproduction activity has decreased. Some birds, such as owls, have to change their ways of hunting because of the sound pollution, and this causes many birds to migrate to less noisy areas. Also, research has proven that some animal’s noises could not be heard over the noises of the aircrafts, and they cannot warn each other when danger is appr oaching. Overall, the third airport extension should not be built. Even though it might give a boost in the Hong Kong’s economy, we cannot be selfish, and we have to care for the environment, the people, and the animals. The building process of the third runway extension will involve a lot of land reclamation that causes a lot of noise and water pollution, that will harm humans, and animals’ ecosystems, especially the habitat of the Chinese Pink Dolphins, and the two runways are already enough. So, we strongly believe that the third runway should not be built.

Impact of Sensory Marketing

Impact of Sensory Marketing Existing research studies on sensory marketing efforts focus on the broad influence of sensory stimuli on consumer reactions to different brands. This research study narrows down the focus of sensory elements to olfactory and auditory stimuli and tries to analyze the effect of these stimuli on consumer emotions. Further the relationship between emotions generated out of these sensory stimuli and consumer purchase decision is being established. INTRODUCTION With ever increasing clutter in the advertising space as multiple brands vie for consumers attention simultaneously, capturing the consumers attention has become more challenging than ever for marketers today. Marketers realize the need for an alternative mechanism to capture consumer mind share in order to enhance brand awareness. Research shows that 99% of all marketing communication is based on what consumers see and hear. Scientific studies have proved that as human beings, 75% of our emotions are connected to what we smell rather than what we see and hear. Marketing in general seems to have neglected this very important sense, given the fact that branding is all about building emotional relationships between a product and the consumer. AN OVERVIEW OF THE SENSORY MARKETING APPROACH Marketers are finding new ways to build stronger connections to their customers and drive preference for their brands by employing scent, sound and material textures in immersive customer experiences. Sensory marketing is an emerging business discipline that applies analytical techniques to amalgamate the use of sensory stimuli such as scent, sound and texture in order to develop strong brands that are more memorable for customers than conventional visual branding techniques alone. Brands develop strong memories in consumers through content and communication cleverly packaged to appeal to our five senses. This results in stronger bonds between consumers and brands. The table below (a result of a survey by Brand sense) shows the importance of consumer emotions with respect to each of the five senses and the percentage marketing spend of Fortune 500 companies with respect to each of these senses. Figure 1: Perceived importance of senses versus marketing spend by Fortune 500 companies Sense % identifying each sense as very or somewhat important % spend against the senses by Fortune 500 companies Sight 58% 84% Sound 41% 12% Smell 45% 2% Touch 25% 1% Taste 31% 1% Source: Brand sense Sensory marketing applications Marketers from varied industries from automobile to food and leisure to entertainment have leveraged sensory branding in the last few years. One of the first movers to employ sensory branding is the Singapore Airlines, with its patented fragrance Stefan Floridian Waters, becoming its trademark and a standard company scent. The hot towels served to the customers perfume worn by flight attendants is standardized to this aroma to create an enthralling memorable in-flight experience. Cinemas have traditionally uses the aroma of popcorn to arouse the unique feeling of being in a movie hall. The breakfast cereal company, Kelloggs has patented a crunchy sound and feel of eating cornflakes that is unique in its own way. Mercedes-Benz had set up a division to work on the sound of its car doors to increase the perception of high quality among its consumers. Similarly many companies have tried to subtly exploit the impact of sensory perceptions in building their brands and ensuring better consumer loyalty. Purpose and scope of the study The purpose of this study would be to analyze at a basic level what impact sensory branding has on the purchase behaviour of consumers. Hulten, Bertin (2012) aims to depict shoppers touching behaviour in relation to the introduction of visual and olfactory sensory cues at point-of-purchase in a retail setting. The findings demonstrate that sensory cues exert a positive impact on consumers desire to touch.ÂÂ  Sensory cues frame consumers affective responses and decision making through involving the sense of touch. This study will aim to see to what extent and how multi-sensory marketing efforts have a positive impact on the consumer during his purchase decision making process. It would also look at cases of how marketers have leveraged sensory branding to positively influence consumer behaviour and present what are the key takeaways that marketers in particular can act on in order to increase brand awareness and induce trials. IMPACT OF SENSORY MARKETING ON PURCHASE BEHAVIOUR: EXISTING RESEARCH Academic research has shown that different sensory impressions impact consumer behaviour and perceptions of goods and services. The sense of sight is the most powerful one for discovering changes and differences in the environment and is the most common sense in perceiving goods or services. Impressions of sound have been analyzed empirically by Garlin and Owen (2006), Sweeney and Wyber (2002). The sense of sound is linked to emotions and feelings and the sense impacts brand experiences and interpretations. The sense of smell is related to pleasure and well-being and is closely connected to emotions and memories. The sense of taste is the most distinct emotional sense and often interacts with other senses. The sense of touch is the tactile one, related to information and feelings about a product through physical and psychological interactions. A multi-sensory brand-experience takes place when more than one of the five senses contributes to the perception of sensory experiences (Hulten, 2009). The author defines multi-sensory brand experience as follows: a multi-sensory brand-experience supports individual value creation and refers to how individuals react when a firm interacts, and supports their purchase and consumption processes through the involvement of the five human senses in generating customer value, experiences, and brand as image. Sensory marketing model Sensorial strategies In relation to the five human senses Sensors Scent sensors Sound sensors Sight sensors Taste sensors Touch sensors Sensations Atmos-pheric Auditory Visual Gastro-nomic Tactile Sensory expressions The multi-sensory brand experience Customer equity Figure 2: A model for sensory marketing Source: Hulten, Bertin (2009) A sensory marketing model takes its point of departure in the human mind and senses, where mental flows, processes and psychological reactions take place and result in a multi-sensory brand-experience. An individuals personal and subjective interpretation and understanding of a multi-sensory brand-experience is referred to here as experiential logic. This means that, for each individual, the logic contributes to forming behavioural, emotional, cognitive, sensory, or symbolic values. According to Hulten, Bertin (2009), this consumer experience becomes an image, forming the mental conceptions and perceptions of interactions and inputs in the service process, which constitutes the final outcome of the multi-sensory experience within a brand perspective. This perspective is defined here as an individuals beliefs, feelings, thoughts, and opinions about a brand, based on the overall experience. Sensors aim at communicating sensations and sensory expressions that reinforce the multi-sensory brand experience for the customer. Sensations aim at expressing a brands identity and values as something distinctive and sensorial, in facilitating the multi-sensory brand experience. Influence of olfactory stimulation Hyojung Ho et al (2010) show that consumers understand the relation between specific product and smell by experiencing and learning. By this biological responses and the principle of classical conditioning that build through repetition, olfactory stimulation influences peoples attitude directly. And also, information from organ of smell can have an influence on peoples behaviour unconsciously by hypothalamus which controls an autonomic nerve and the endocrine system. The author shows that fragrance can create various kinds of positive emotion but the positive emotion cannot directly influence on willingness to buy in other product types. However, fragrance can be used for motivating to purchase. In addition, fragrance results in a wide variety of positive emotion on fashion goods. Fragrance can be used on marketing strategy as each products concept. Moreover, in the case of high technology product, satisfaction was the highest. And also, Consumers feel pleased and impressed from products with fragrance regardless of its product type. Auditory stimuli and consumer behaviour Park and Young (1986) examined the effect of music (present, absent) and three types of involvement (low involvement, cognitive involvement, affective involvement) on the formation of attitudes toward a brand in the context of TV commercials. Music increased the brand attitude for subjects in the low involvement condition but had a distracting effect for those in the cognitive involvement condition. Its effect for those in the affective involvement condition was not clear. They argue that music acted as a peripheral persuasion cue. The relationship between the fit of the mood induced music (happy or sad) and the purchase occasion (happy or sad) and its effect on purchase was studied by Alpert, Alpert, and Maltz (2005). While mood induced by music did not exhibit a main effect on purchase intentions, its interaction with fit was significant. The authors conclude that when music is used to evoke emotions congruent with the symbolic meaning of the product, the likelihood of purchase is increased. Haptics as a sensory marketing tool Terry and Childers (2003) show how haptic information influences emotions and consumer purchase behaviour. Haptic information, or information attained through touch by the hands, is important for the evaluation of products that vary in terms of material properties related to texture, hardness, temperature, and weight. The authors develop and propose a conceptual framework to illustrate that salience of haptic information differs significantly across products, consumers, and situations. The authors use two experiments to assess how these factors interact to impair or enhance the acquisition and use of haptic information. Barriers to touch, such as a retail display case, can inhibit the use of haptic information and consequently decrease confidence in product evaluations and increase the frustration level of consumers who are more motivated to touch products. In addition, written descriptions and visual depictions of products can partially enhance acquisition of certain types of touch information. The authors synthesize the results of these studies and discuss implications for the effect of haptic information for Internet and other non-store retailing as well as for traditional retailers. Analysis of literature with respect to impact on consumer behaviour The research studies analyze show that consumers are heavily using their senses in order to perceive the quality of the product and associate it with positive emotions. The perception of different marketing stimuli consists of emotional and cognitive processes, which take place within the consumer. According to the findings of these studies, sensory stimuli deriving mainly from the product and the packaging such as colors, modern style, pleasant smell, velvety texture and closure packaging sound, influence brand perception positively leading to a stronger (rational and emotional) bond between the brand and the consumer. Marketers need to pay attention, apart from the traditional means of the marketing mix (advertising, public relations, personal selling, sales promotion), to other very important sensory means, such as product scent and texture, store atmosphere (including store music), sounds deriving by their products. Sensory marketing is a relative new concept, which involves the creative synergy between marketing, psychology, neuroscience and neuropsychology. If marketers clearly understand this new concept and try to utilize the knowledge of similar to this study researches, then they can offer a unique buying experience to their consumers, significantly increasing the probability of selling their products. IMPACT OF SENSORY MARKETING ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INVOLVED Sensory marketing framework Sensory marketing is an application of the understanding of sensation and perception to the field of marketing -to consumer perception, cognition, emotion, learning, preference, choice, or evaluation. (Aradhna Krishna, 2011). A framework can be constructed which conceptually explains the process of sensory marketing: Figure 3: A conceptual framework of sensory marketing Sensory Perception Product Stimulus Emotion Behavior Attitude Learning Cognition Source: Krishna, Aradhana (2011) It is to be noted that sensation and perception are stages of processing involved in sensory marketing. Sensation happens when the stimulus has an impact on the receptor cells of a sensory organ-this part is neurological in nature. Perception is the awareness or understanding of sensory information. Analysis of sensory marketing variables Based on the framework above, its possible to identify the variables that can be used to study sensory marketing. Stimuli created through any one or any combination of the five senses (touch, auditory, olfactory, vision, taste) can be identified as the antecedent variables. Sensory stimuli Touch If the hedonic aspects of touch can increase persuasion, the use of touch in marketing may be more broadly applicable than previously believed (Joann Peck Jennifer Wiggins, 2006). It is widely believed that the role of touch is limited to providing information to the customer about the physical attributes of the product; however this kind of touch can be used effectively only in contexts in which customers are able to physically evaluate the product. But the use of touch as a hedonic tool has the potential to be applied to a broad set of products and even services and in a wide variety of contexts which include but are not limited to package design, print advertising, direct mail advertising, and point-of-purchase displays. Sensory stimuli Olfactory There have been studies which have dealt with the relationship between ambient scent and memory. Morrin and Ratneshwar (2003) showed that ambient scent increased recall and recognition of brands seen. Earlier studies on this topic also suggested that ambient odors result in memories and affect elaboration on product information and choice. According to Bosmans (2006), ambient scent can lead to emotion-based semantic connections with memories (e.g., roses and babies) and result in improving product evaluation. Stimuli auditory There have been various studies on the effect of auditory stimuli on marketing programs. A lot of marketing communication is auditory in nature for e.g. radio and television advertising messages, jingles and songs. There is also prevalence of ambient music in retail spaces, hotels, restaurants and airplanes. Also marketers create and deploy signature sounds for products for unique identification for their brand such as the sound for the Windows OS that one hears each time we boot a PC. Ismail M. El Sayed, Dalia A. Farrag, Russell W. Belk (2006) concluded that the type of background music played in malls had a distinct effect on the shopping behaviour of the visitors. They used the Stimulus-Organism-Response paradigm to ascertain the impact of auditory stimuli on purchase behaviour. Stimuli through vision and taste AydinoÄÅ ¸lu and Krishna (2011) demonstrate that size labels adopted by food vendors can have a major impact on consumers size judgments and consumption (actual and perceived), since consumers integrate the actual size information from the stimuli, with the semantic cue from the size label. The consequent variables identified are enhanced customer awareness about the brand, increase in brand recall, better brand recognition and customer purchase behavior whether the stimuli actually leads to the customer purchasing the product. Customer awareness As a result of stimuli through any of the senses, the awareness of a product/brand can be enhanced in the customers minds. Brand recognition (learning) Sensory stimuli is more often deployed by marketers in their products in order to ease the process of recognizing a brand for a customer. Auditory and visual stimuli in the form of packaging are more often used to enable a customer to recognize a brand with a higher level of ease and convenience. Brand recall (memory) Marketers also use sensory stimuli as a tool to facilitate a high level of brand recall among the customers. A typical example is that of the Intel Pentium processor sound or even the Britannias jingle in the Indian market. Purchase behavior Though sensory stimuli can help in awareness and recall, it is ultimately the conversion into a purchase that is the ultimate goal of marketers of any product. Barry J. Davies, Dion Kooijman and Philippa Ward (2003) show a model of how environmental stimuli in the form of ambient scent can affect the shopping behaviour of consumers in a retail set up. Figure 4: Model of the Influence of Ambient Scent on Consumer Responses Moderators Approach avoidance reactions Affective response Perceived ambient scent Objective ambient scent Source: Barry J. Davies, Dion Kooijman and Philippa Ward (2003) Variables for study The variables chosen for this study would be auditory and olfactory stimuli on the antecedent side and customer purchase behavior on the consequent side. Antecedents Consequences Kind of stimuli Vision Brand awareness Taste Brand recognition Purchase behavior Auditory Brand recall Olfactory The scope of research would be to identify how marketers have deployed the use of auditory and olfactory stimuli in products, services or environments (shopping malls, etc) to influence the customer purchase behavior. The study will also analyze the two major intermediate variables involved in the process perception of the stimuli and emotions and cognition happening at the customers mind. ANALYSIS OF IMPACT OF AUDITORY AND OLFACTORY STIMULI ON PURCHASE DECISION Research proposition This paper proposes that olfactory or auditory stimuli deployed by marketers in products or retail environments actually lead to positive emotions and cognitive reactions about the brand for the consumer. Further these cognitive and affective beliefs lead the consumer to the actual purchase decision. To analyze the validity of the above proposition, we examine the case in two different stages: Influence of olfactory and auditory stimuli in creating positive emotions/affective beliefs in consumers Influence of positive emotions on actual decision to purchase Relationship between olfactory stimuli and affective reactions in the consumer The sense of smell is considered to be the most closely related to emotional reactions. The olfactory bulb is directly connected to the limbic system in the brain, which is the system related to immediate emotion in humans (Wilkie 1995). 75% of emotions are generated by smell (Bell and Bell 2007). Consequently, smell represents a direct line to feelings of happiness and hunger and is a sensory bandwidth that cannot be turned off (Wilkie 1995; Vlahos 2007). Thus, from a marketers perspective, smell has an instantaneous good or bad effect on our emotional state which, as some research has shown, ultimately affects our shopping and spending behavior. Figure 5: How Objective Ambient Scents Interact with the Perceptual Process Organizing Assimilation Covert objective Objective Conscious level of awareness scent Sensing Attention Reacting Response Reacting Response Sensing Attention Ambient scent Organizing Assimilation Source: Bradford and Desrochers (2009) The neurological substrates of olfaction are especially geared for associative learning and emotional processing. Marketers can link a scent with an unconditioned stimulus eliciting the desired response and eventually prompting a conditioned response from consumers (Herz 2002). Further, since the olfactory bulbs are part of the limbic system and directly connect to the structures that process emotion (the amygdala) they also strongly related to associative learning (the hippocampus) (Herz 2002). No other sensory system has this type of intimate link between emotion and associative learning (Herz 2002). Relationship between auditory stimuli and affective reactions in the consumer Ambient sound, such as music heard in hotels, restaurants, retail stores, and supermarkets, can influence consumer mood, actual time spent in a location, perception of time spent, and actual spending. For instance, stereotypically French versus German music has been shown to affect the choice of wine-shoppers bought more French (German) wine when French (German) music was played (North, Hargreaves, McKendrick, 1999); classical music has been shown to enhance pleasure, whereas pop-style music to increase arousal (Kellaris Kent, 1993). Music in a store also influences shopping pace-slower music produces slower shopping and results in more purchases since customers progress at a slower pace as they move through the store (Milliman, 1982). When consumers enjoy the background music, they feel they have spent less time shopping relative to the actual amount of time they have spent in the store; if they dislike it, despite the short amount of time they have actually spent in the store, they claim to have been there for much longer (Yalch Spangenberg, 2000; but, see also Kellaris Kent, 1992). Influence of positive emotions on consumer purchase decision The relationship between pleasant emotions and purchasing behaviors is relatively well supported in the retail literature (Donovan and Rossiter, 1994). In particular, the Mehrabian-Russell model (1974), which explains the relationship between environments, intervening variables, and behaviors relevant to retail setting using a Stimulus-Organism-Response paradigm, has received the widest usage to explain shopping emotions in consumer research. According to the Mehrabian-Russell model, three emotional responses of pleasure-displeasure, arousal-non arousal, and dominance-submissiveness mediate peoples approach or avoidance reactions to environments. (Lee and Yi, 2008). APPLICATIONS OF OLFACTORY MARKETING TO STIMULATE PURCHASE Sensory analysis is a scientific discipline which is now employed by all the leading brands and also companies who are trying to enhance their brand identity. Because, Consumers perception is as good as reality (Lindstrom, Martin (2010):p106), added (non-edible) aromas prove to the scientists that buyer behaviour is absolutely influenced. Nestle, coca-cola, Carlsberg add aroma to the packaging on their products. Exposed, unwrapped foods are how leading supermarkets and shops entice their consumers, an example of this would be the in store environment at Wholefoods. More specific examples include; the Florida hospital which has a seaside centre in which they use scent machines to circulate the smell of sea, coconut and vanilla, with the notion that patients will be soothed and not cancel their appointments. (Hulten, Bertil, Niklas Broweus Marcus van Dijk, 2009) The Hyatt hotel chain in Paris used their French history of great perfumers and combined that with detailed sensory brand analysis to create their own signature scent. Their scent brand was developed by French perfumer Blaise Mautin for the Park Hyatt Vendome hotel in 2002 and it incorporated eighteen ingredients. It was ultimately described as fresh cement poured over raw oak plank, plus fresh, ever-so-slightly cinnamony pastry dough with the olfactory texture of thick, rich tan silk (Hulten, Bertil, Niklas Broweus Marcus van Dijk (2009):p64). Such detailed descriptions are there to serve our need for developed language around olfaction, due to the fact that our confidence and communication around scent is still developing. That said, olfactory memory is not semantic but episodic and customers only come into contact with the experience not the description. APPLICATIONS OF AUDITORY MARKETING TO STIMULATE PURCHASE Much of marketing communication is auditory in nature-one hears radio and television advertising messages, jingles and songs; one also hears ambient music in retail spaces, hotels, restaurants and airplanes; then, there are signature sounds from products such as the sound for the Intel Pentium chip that one hears each time one starts a computer or the sounds for Motorola or Verizon cellphones. Importantly, even when one reads a word, one hears the word as well-if the language is phonetic in nature, then the words that one reads enter a phontactic loop before being encoded in the mind, similar to spoken words. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH Conclusion The findings from the research point to the fact that there is a positive relationship between olfactory and auditory stimuli deployed by marketers in products or retail environments and the emotions that the customers go through in the purchase situation. Also the different studies analyzed show that positive emotions generated by sensory experiences lead to a higher probability of actual purchase decision by the customer. Thus, it can be concluded that sensory marketing efforts do have a direct impact on the purchase decision of the customers. Limitations and future research This research is only limited to analyzing the effect of sensory marketing efforts on consumer purchase behaviour. However there are other variables on which sensory stimuli could have different positive or negative effects on brand recognition (especially in the case of auditory stimuli used for sonic branding), brand recall (mostly achieved through rich visual stimuli) or just consumer perception of the brand. Future research can focus on the effect of each of the individual sensory stimuli independently on these different consequent variables. Also this research has largely focused on conscious sensory approaches to marketing. However this study can be extended to the increasingly prevalent subliminal approaches taken by marketers to reinforce the brands subconsciously in the minds of consumers.