Corporal Punishment in the Private and Public Sphere in...

1 Introduction Corporal punishment is the unlawful intentional act of causing harm by physically inflicting punishment on the body of an offender or severely criticising the offender. There is a distinction in common-law between corporal punishment in the public sphere and in the private sphere. Corporal punishment on children in the private sphere is administered by parents. It is still legally accepted in South Africa, provided that the requirements are met. Parents know their children best and have the authority to discipline their children in such a way as to benefit the child in the future. They are equipping the child with the necessary manners, morals and good character which will be essential for a bright future. The public sphere’s s position is much different in the sense that the state as well as schools, do not have the authority to physically discipline school children anymore. The capacity to hold the power of authority to exercise corporal punishment often leads to abuse of power, child abuse and feelings of superiority. 2 General implications of corporal punishment In most cases, punishment is given to clarify authority and status over the offender. Irrespective of the harm the child or the offender caused, physically punishing the offender violates many of that person’s fundamental human rights. Punishment is given in the form of slapping, whipping, verbally reprimanding or violently acting towards the child or the offender. These punishments violateShow MoreRelatedCorporal Punishment with Respect to the Private and Public Sphere1187 Words   |  5 Pages1 Introduction Corporal punishment is the unlawful intentional act of causing harm by physically inflicting punishment on the body of an offender or severely criticising the offender. There is a distinction in common-law between corporal punishment in the public sphere and in the private sphere. Corporal punishment on children in the private sphere is administered by parents. It is legally accepted in South Africa, provided that the requirements are met. The public sphere’s position is much differentRead MoreThe Common Law Defence Of Reasonable Disciplinary Chastisement Essay2223 Words   |  9 Pageslaw assignment 1 Topic 7: Reasonable disciplinary chastisement Introduction: This assignment aims to provide a refined understanding regarding the common law defence of reasonable disciplinary chastisement (â€Å"RDC†) in South African law, in the context of a statement issued by the South African Minister of Social Development, Ms Bathabile Dlamini (â€Å"Dlamini†). Firstly, an analytical response will be given as to whether the author of this text agrees with Dlamini’s statement. Secondly, using her statementRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and CultureRead MoreLegalization of Same Sex Marriage9779 Words   |  40 Pagesand their relations. Self-Flagellation. Beating or flogging; a whipping; a scourging. Beating as a source of erotic or religious stimulation whacking, beating, drubbing, licking, thrashing, trouncing, lacing - the act of inflicting corporal punishment with repeated blows. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW of RELATED LITERATURE and STUDIES FOREIGN LITERATURE Bahai faith is the youngest of the worlds independent religions stated their belief on homosexuality. Sexual activity betweenRead MoreLgbt19540 Words   |  79 PagesUnited States.[13][14][15][16][17][18] The first widely used term, homosexual, originally carried negative connotations and tended to be replaced by homophile in the 1950s and 1960s,[19] and subsequently gay in the 1970s.[13] As lesbians forged more public identities, the phrase gay and lesbian became more common.[2] The Daughters of Bilitis folded in 1970 over which direction to focus on: feminism or gay rights issues.[20]As equality was a priority for lesbian feminists, disparity of roles betweenRead MoreEssay Paper84499 Words   |  338 Pagesof rank: Private First Class Pay grade: E-3 Title of address: Private Abbreviation: PFC Grade of rank: Master Sergeant Pay grade: E-8 Title of address: Sergeant Abbreviation: MSG Grade of rank: Private Pay grade: E-2 Title of address: Private Abbreviation: PV2 Grade of rank: Sergeant First Class Pay grade: E-7 Title of address: Sergeant Abbreviation: SFC Grade of rank: Private Pay grade: E-l Title of address: Private Abbreviation: PV1 Grade of rank: Corporal Pay grade:Read More1000 Word Essay85965 Words   |  344 PagesWhat does SOCAD stand for? Service members Opportunity College Army Degrees (AR 621-5 Feb 2004 / 2-7 / PDF 14) AER closely coordinates with what other organization? American Red Cross (AR 930-4 Aug 1994 / 2-13 / PDF 11) What is AER? AER is a private, nonprofit organization to collect and hold funds to relieve distress of members of the Army and their dependents. AER provides emergency financial assistance to soldiers (active and retired) and their families in time of distress. (AR 930-4 Aug 1994

Octavius The Savior Of Rome - 1339 Words

Octavius, later known as Augustus, became the most powerful Roman emperor in war and peace and was often known as the savior of Rome. Octavius wanted the Roman empire to be the greatest of all time. This made him do whatever it took to make sure he accomplished that. Octavius did not act like a normal emperor, he was quite humble in the way he ruled. He knew what he had to do to win political battles and physical battles. He was quite smart in the way he became the greatest emperor Rome has ever seen. Octavius became the most powerful Roman emperor in war and peace because of his drive to make Rome the greatest empire anyone had ever seen. First of all, Octavius kept people happy by being a great but humble leader. To mask his tyranny,†¦show more content†¦Cicero, a Republican writer who supported the Republic, protested the Triumvirate. Octavius and Antony joined forces and expelled Cicero, who consequently committed suicide. Antony and Octavius would soon team up to try an d gain more land for themselves in alliance. In Philippi 42 B.C.E. a battle commenced. Marc Antony and Octavius, who had 223,000 soldiers, battled Brutus, Cassius, and their army of 187,000 soldiers. Antony and Octavius crushed Brutus quite easily. Brutus then committed suicide. This opened more rule for Octavius and Antony in Rome, but they still needed to get rid of Sextus Pompey. Sextus Pompey was stationed in Sicily at the time, and Octavius and Antony declared battle of Sextus and his army. After a huge win at Naulochus in 36 B.C.E., which involved almost 600 ships in battle, Sextus fled to Turkey. Sextus was executed in 35 B.C.E with no trial needed. This caused the disposing of Lepidus and he was exiled and 36 B.C.E. Octavius knew that this triumvirate would eventually split, but he used the alliance to his advantage. He knew that battling with Marc Antony would set up a battle for full control between them in the long run. This ended up being a huge part of how Octavius came to power in Rome, and was quite clever. The power in Rome was now split into two separate parts. Octavius was in control of the western part of Rome, while Marc Antony was in control of the eastern part ofShow MoreRelatedGaius Octavius: The Savior of Shakespeares Julius Caesar835 Words   |  3 PagesA savior as defined by Merriam-Webster is, â€Å"one that saves from danger or destruction.† This term describes Gaius Octavius in more than one way or instance; Octavius helps to rid Rome of the evil conspirators, and Octavius is the emperor who rebuilds Rome. Readers and viewers of Shakespeares play don’t get a clear and drawn out view of Octavius as he doesn’t appear for much of the play. A reason isn’t given in the play, but history reveals that he is off traveling the world. Octavius takes advantageRead MoreChristianity Rose During The First Century After Christ s Death2791 Words   |  12 Pagesrelieved all of their sins. After his death, the religion of Christianity was created, which e ntailed that a person believed in one god and believed in Jesus Christ. During the first few centuries, apostles, such as Paul, introduced Christianity to Rome and showed developing Christians the way to divine acceptance from one god. However, as Christianity advanced, it faced a lot of difficulties, and even worse, persecution. During the first and second centuries, Roman’s persecutions were isolatedRead MoreComparision of Alexander the Great and Augustus Ceasar2530 Words   |  10 Pagesthought of himself as the son of Greek god Zeus. Augustus was the first emperor of Rome who brought peace and stability to the Roman Empire. He was the grandson of the sister of Julius Caesar. His original name was Caius Octavius, but when he was adopted by the Julian gens (44 B.C.) he became Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian). He was named (given the title) Augustus later when he became the First Emperor or Rome by the senate. Augustus was seen as both a military leader as well as a religiousRead MoreThe Statue Of Augustus Of Pimaporta1898 Words   |  8 Pagesright foot and therefore increase your chances of getting the job. The relevance that this example has to the sculpture is that just like you would want to give a good first impression, the sculptor wanted to make sure we saw Augustus the way all of Rome saw him. In the statue of Augustus of Prima porta, Augustus is standing straight, right foot in front and left foot back slightly lifting his heel. This pose gives us a sense that Augustus was very graceful, angelical almost. It looks like he is walkingRead MoreEssay Ravenna2674 Words   |  11 Pagesdiscovery of Etruscan artifacts while historiographers insist that the Umbrians were the first established people (7). Little is known about Ravennas history until the end of the third century BC when it fell completely under the influence of Rome. Though the city lacked the agricultural strength that normally drew the attention of the Romans, Ravennas strategic location was the basis of its appeal. Its close proximity to the sea allowed for direct access to both necessities and reinforcements

Sas Case Analysis Free Essays

International Case #: 6-2 T h e C a s e o f (Scandinavian Airlines S A S System) INTRODUCTION SCANDINAVIAN AIRLINES SYSTEM (SAS) originated when the airlines of Sweden, Norway and Denmark formed a consortium. 1970’s – competition are fierce and resulted in a loss market share. 1981 – Jan Carlzon, The CEO, undertook drastic decentralization. We will write a custom essay sample on Sas Case Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Top-Down authority replaced by open communication. SAS Strategies is to become known as â€Å"the businessman’s strategy† (with rather high fares), with upgraded service, on-time performance, good food and comfort. For the Future SAS has 2 goals 1. To become the most efficient airline in Europe by 1992 2. To be one of the five major airlines in Europe after 1995 Keystone is SAS’s global strategy is to form strategic alliances. -? An agreement to exchange equities with Swissair was reached in 1989. -? Alliance was also made with All Nippon Airways, LanChile, Canadian Airlines Intl and Finnair. I. TIME CONTEXT II. VIEWPOINT 1981 Jan Carlzon SAS CEO III. CENTRAL PROBLEM Fierce competition, Loss of market share Reduced profitability IV. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVE Must: to cope up with competition Wants: to become the most efficient airline in Europe by 1992 and to be one of the five major airlines in Europe after 1995 V. AREAS OF CONSIDERATION THREATS 1.? Competition with larger airlines 2.? High fuel price 3.? Rising operational costs 4.? Decrease in demand for air service 5.? Price Wars OPPORTUNITIES 1.? Strategic alliances with other airlines 2.? Offer high-quality service V. AREAS OF CONSIDERATION WEAKNESSES 1.? Deterioration of services 2.? Low morale of the workforce STRENGTH 1.? Workforce 2.? Upgraded Services 3.? On-time performance 4.? Good food comfort 5.? Decentralization VI. ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION 1. Continuous implementation of decentralization (+) Faster decision-making Address and solve the problem right away Open communication Training and development for employees (-) Mistakes or wrong decisions are prevalent Policies and rule must be reviewed and change Training cost Great deal of time in communication a.? b.? c.? d.? a.? b.? c.? d.? VI. ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION 2. Strategic alliance with other airlines (+) Access to different airlines hub Leverage Able to compete with larger airlines Opportunity to sell shares (-) a.? Control issue b.? Possible waste of money a.? b.? c.? d.? VI. ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION 3. Upgrade service strategy (+) a.? High-quality service b.? Punctual and on-time performance (-) a.? High fares b.? Research and development cost c.? Training cost VII. RECOMMENDATION Adapt ACA 2 (Strategic Alliance) VIII. ACTION PLAN Person Responsible Jan Carlzon / Marketing Research Jan Carlzon Jan Carlzon Jan Carlzon / Negotiating Team Negotiating Team Jan Carlzon / Allies Finance Department Activities Gather data through business intelligence competitive analysis Set a meeting with the SAS Board Form a negotiating team Set meetings with possible allies Time Frame 30 days 1 day 7 days Prepare proposals/MOA/Service agreement Contract signing / sign-off Prepare budget 3 days 1 day 5 days â€Å"Mistakes can usually be corrected later; the time that is lost in not making a decision can never be retrieved†. – Jan Carlzon How to cite Sas Case Analysis, Papers

University and Research free essay sample

Changes that started during the second half of the 20th century and that have continued into the 21 SST threaten to bring about monumental changes in the nature of universities. Some of the changes are commendable, for example, the large expansion in the proportion of the population attending universities, at least in the richer nations. Other trends are disturbing, especially the increasing tendency Of governments and industry to view universities as engines for short-term economic gain.While universities certainly cannot ignore the context in which they function and the needs of society, responding purely to short-term economic considerations threatens to subvert the very nature of universities and some of the benefits hey provide to society. So what exactly is a university and what is its purpose? Much prefer the Oxford English Dictionary definition of the word university to some of the more utilitarian definitions in other dictionaries. The Oxford definition reads, in part, body of teachers and scholars engaged in the higher branches of learning. Thus, it is the community of faculty and students that is the essence of a university. The higher branches of learning in which teachers and scholars engage have 2 important products: the educated minds that are essential for the well-being of society, and new knowledge and ideas. Some of that new knowledge will enrich society by producing economic growth, directly or indirectly, but the benefits of new knowledge go far beyond economic gain. Universities have always been subjected to outside influences.The oldest European university, the university of Bologna, has existed at least since the sass. Some time before 1222, about 1000 students left Bologna and founded a new university in Pad because of the grievous offence that was brought to bear on their academic liberties and the failure to acknowledge the privileges solemnly granted to teachers and students. 1 The outside interference came from the Roman Catholic Church, and, for several centuries, Pad was home to the only university in Europe where non-Catholics could get a university education. Both Bologna and Pad were student-controlled universities with students electing the professors and fixing their salaries. However, in spite of marked differences, there are similarities between what happened then and what is happening today, with important outside influences ? then the dogma Of religion, now the dogma of business threatening to change the activities of the community of teachers and scholars. The seeds of what is appending now were sown in the years following World War II.Before the war the most important influence on a faculty member was probably the departmental chair, who in those days had power to influence in an important way what went on in the department. Nonetheless, a faculty member would have had access to departmental resources and would not necessarily have required outside research funding (although such funding was sometimes available from private foundations). The mechanism of funding research, and the amount of money available for research, changed gr eatly in the postwar years. In 1 945, Vainer Bushs landmark report toPresident Harry Truman, Science the Endless Frontier, 2 had an important influence on university research. In this report, Bush stated, The publicly and privately supported colleges, universities, and research institutes are the centers of basic research. They are the wellsprings of knowledge and understanding. As long as they are vigorous and healthy and their scientists are free to pursue the truth wherever it may lead, there will be a flow of new scientific knowledge to those who can apply it to practical problems in Government, in industry, or elsewhere. Bush supported the idea that the US overspent should provide strong financial support for university research, but also supported the idea that the individual investigator should be the main determinant of the topics for investigation, with statements such as Scientific progress on a broad front results from the free play of free intellects, working on subjects of their own choice, in the manner dictated by their curiosity for exploration of the unknown. 2 In the latter half of the last century, many countries adopted the model of gr anting councils, which used a system based on peer review to distribute money for investigator-initiated search. This model has been a great success, but it has also contributed to important changes in universities. Much more money has been available to support medical research, basic science research and engineering research than has been available for the social sciences or arts. Thus, decisions about support for different disciplines devolved from the universities to governments, who decided on the budgets of their various grant-giving bodies.Also, individual researchers who were successful in obtaining grants no longer depended as much on departmental facilities. In my opinion, this to only weakened the power of departmental chairs but also decreased collegiality within departments. With increased enrolments, as a university education became accessible to a greater proportion of the population, and an increased need for infrastructure for the larger student population and for complex research equipment, administrators became more concerned about sources of funding and consequently more detached from the faculty.There is always a tendency for senior academic administrators to speak and behave as though they were the university (when of course they are there to serve he community of teachers and scholars). This is of course a normal human trait, no different from the tendency of politicians to forget that they are elected to serve the people. However, this increasing detachment of senior university administrators from the faculty has facilitated the erosion of collegiality within departments and universities. The individual personalities of university faculty probably also facilitated this change. Learned recently, when looking at the literature on personality, that an inverse correlation between intelligence and conscientiousness has been demonstrated in a umber of studies (see, for example, Mountain et AAA). Thus, it might be more than just my paranoia leading me to believe that the small proportion of university faculty who lack conscientiousness and collegiality is larger than in some other walks of life.The erosion of collegiality is not a matter of great significance, except that it probably played a role in making researchers more open to the efforts of governments to transform them into entrepreneurs. The most recent and possibly the most important change in university research resulted from the push by governments to commercialism the results f such research. In the United States, the Bay-Dole Act of 1 980 encouraged universities to license to private industry discoveries made wi th federal funds. The push by governments for centralization of new knowledge grew during the 1 9805 and sass and continues to have an important influence on universities. Recently, Lord Ginsburg, the science and innovation minister in the United Kingdom, boasted that there had been a cultural change in universities there, which has resulted in a substantial increase in university spin-offs. 5 In 2002 the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada entered an agreement with the government to double the amount of research performed by these institutions and to triple their centralization performance by 2010. Although this agreement was reached in the absence of any broad consultation with the faculty who are supposed to commercialism their work, the universities seem to be well on track to achieve this objective, with a 126% increase in revenues from license royalties between 1999 and 2001. Most major universities now have a technology transfer office, and at many universities success in centralization is taken into account when faculty are considered for tenure. Will there come a time when success in centralization carries the same weight as (o r more weight than) teaching and research in the awarding of tenure?The end result of all the changes discussed above is that individual faculty members have become much more like entrepreneurs whose main allegiance is to the maintenance or growth of their own research programs and not infrequently to the centralization of their research. The researcher exploring Vainer Bushs endless frontier could be considered the modern equivalent of the homesteader taming the seemingly endless frontier of the 9th century American West-8 This is not necessarily detrimental if a new generation of university research entrepreneurs provides the new knowledge that will benefit patients and society.However, the change in culture that made university faculty more like entrepreneurs also made them more open to the desire of governments to make them entrepreneurs in the economic sense. Although the nature of universities has been changing, there was no threat to the fundamental nature of universities until the drive for centralization began. A recent report of the Canadian Association of university Teachers states that university administrators have been building increasingly hierarchical management structures that place the future of academic medicine in danger. The reports main concern is that incentives to create commercialese products push economic concerns, rather than scientific and ethical considerations, to the forefront. non the fields of biologic psychiatry and behavioral neuroscience the emphasis on commercial applications has already, to some extent, moved research priorities away from an emphasis on mental well-being to an emphasis on commercial reduces. There are many examples of this shift.For example, more research is being carried out on antidepressant drugs than on psychotherapy, even though in mild to moderate depression (the majority of cases) drugs and psychotherapy are approximately equal in efficacy. There is increasing evidence for the efficacy of exercisers,11 and fish oils,13 in the treatment and prevention of depression. However, these strategies receive much less attention than antidepressant drugs. Even an established antidepressant treatment such as S-denominationally (SAMe)14 receives little attention.Searching the abstracts of the 2004 meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, I found 179 with the key word antidepressant and only 4 with the key word S-denominationally, and none of those 4 was concerned with the antidepressant action of SAMe. SAMe is a major methyl donor and seems to work in a fundamentally different way from any product being investigated by drug companies. Surely we could expect that an antidepressant acting through a different mechanism would be a popular topic of investigation. However, SAMe is a natural product and not of commercial interest.Similarly, insights into what exercise or fish oils do to the brain may provide important insights into the pathologically of depression and its treatment, but these subjects receive little attention. Many basic science researchers investigating the mechanisms of antidepressants produced by drug companies do not receive funding from those companies. However, enough are lured by drug company research funds into working on topics of interest to the companies to significantly influence what are fashionable topics of research.Laboratories with funding from industry can often afford more trainees, who ay then adopt a more industry-centered approach in their own research. While the availability of funds from industry has certainly influenced research, the pressure on university faculty to commercialism the results of their research will undoubtedly cause even greater distortion in the areas of research that are most popular. Granting agencies have increasingly tried to foster research in neglected areas by allocating funds to specific areas Of research and requesting applications in those areas.Although this approach is certainly necessary, it has not done much to alter the effects of drug many money on research output. Also, in some ways it moves research even further away from the ideal in Vainer Bushs report that Scientific progress on a broad front results from the free play of free intellects, working on subjects oftener own choice, in the manner dictated by their curiosity for exploration of the unknown. 2 This model was notably successful in the last half of the 20th century, but it may not survive the pressure to commercialism.While there is still much scope for curiosity-driven research, the curiosity of researchers is likely to be aligned increasingly with the interests of drug impasse. As mentioned above, a cultural change has accompanied the increasing centralization of university research. The pressure to commercialism has been critiqued in some quarters, but many university faculty have nonetheless embraced centralization, or at least remained unconcerned about it. Are we far from a time when a researcher without a patent that is being commercialese will be regarded in the same way as those who do not publish regularly in the top journals?And how long will it be before governments make centralization a mandate of granting councils and a requirement for the majority Of grants? A fascination with the workings of the brain and how it can malfunction in mental illness is the usu al motivator for researchers in neuroscience and psychiatry research. As a result, curiosity-driven research will always tend to serve the best interests of patients. Although research driven by commercial interests will certainly benefit psychiatric patients in some ways, it cannot serve their overall needs, as it is much too narrowly focused. The designation of funds by granting agencies for specific neglected topics will help but is unlikely to produce any large changes in the direction of research. Thus, the biggest losers from the pressure to commercialism will be psychiatric patients. In addition I am concerned whether students who are trained to focus on the short-term commercial implications of their research will be able to maintain the breadth of vision that is a characteristic of the majority of creative researchers. Changes due to pressure from governments to commercialism are not limited to researchers.The increased emphasis on centralization in universities has in some ways distorted the perceptions of senior university administrators about the purpose of the institutions. For example, there mess to be a lack of concern about some of the sources of funds that universities receive. Universities now hold patents on many life-saving drugs. These patents sometimes limit access to the drugs, particularly in low-income countries. 1 5 In Canada, one-quarter of the faculties of medicine receive funding from the tobacco industry. 6 Perhaps a suitable future definition of a university will be a whole body of teachers and scholars engaged in turning ideas into profit. In 13th century Italy the response to interference by the Roman Catholic Church in the work Of scholars was a move to another action to escape the interference. In the 21 SST century that option is not available even to the minority who are concerned about the drive to commercialism. However, the picture is not entirely bleak. Charitable foundations will remain immune to commercial interests. In addition, even though charitable foundations will probably remain relatively small players in the funding of research, there are promising signs. For example, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, created in 2000, has an endowment of about LOS$27 billion and is striving to use its money for the benefit of humankind in areas neglected by governments. This foundation is not involved in psychiatric research, but its focus on preventive approaches may help to direct interest to that important area.Research on prevention in psychiatry is still in its infancy and will certainly remain that way if short-term commercial considerations stay paramount. However, charitable foundations cannot be expected to have any large effect on the change in university culture brought about by the drive to commercialism. Although would like to be able to end this editorial on a more hopeful note, I am concerned about these cultural changes, and I do not see any solution.